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Recent attention to anthropomorphism -- the attribution of human-like qualities to non-human objects or entities -- of language technologies like LLMs has sparked renewed discussions about potential negative impacts of anthropomorphism.
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Lesley Milroy. 1982 · 1982
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John J. Gumperz. 1983 · 1983
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A nonanthropomorphic style guide: overcoming the humpty dumpty syndrome
B Schneidernnan. 1988 · 1988
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What Is a Case? : Exploring the Foundations of Social Inquiry
Ragin Charles C. and Becker Howard Saul. 1992 · 1992
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Human agency and responsible computing: Implications for computer system design
Batya Friedman and Peter H Kahn Jr. 1992 · 1992
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Communication: Inherently strategic and primarily automatic
Kathy Kellermann. 1992 · 1992
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Clifford Nass, Jonathan Steuer, and Ellen R. Tauber. 1994 · 1994
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William G Graziano, Lauri A Jensen-Campbell, and Elizabeth C Hair. 1996 · 1996
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Entertaining agents: a sociological case study. In Proceedings of the First International Conference on Autonomous Agents (Marina del Rey, California, USA) (AGENTS ’97) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 122–129
Leonard N. Foner. 1997 · 1997
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From seduction to fulfillment: the use of anthropomorphic form in design. In Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces (Pittsburgh, PA, USA) (DPPI ’03) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 67–72
Carl DiSalvo and Francine Gemperle. 2003 · 2003
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Anthropomorphism and the social robot
Brian R. Duffy. 2003 · 2003
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Kinds of Anthropomorphic Form. In Futureground - DRS International Conference 2004 (Melbourne, Australia). Design Research Society
Carl DiSalvo, Jodi Forlizzi, and Francine Gemperle. 2004 · 2004
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Language ideology and language prejudice
Rosina Lippi-Green. 2004 · 2004
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Privacy as contextual integrity
Helen Nissenbaum. 2004 · 2004
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Can robots manifest personality?: An empirical test of personality recognition, social responses, and social presence in human–robot interaction
Kwan Min Lee, Wei Peng, Seung-A Jin, and Chang Yan. 2006 · 2006
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On Seeing Human: A Three-Factor Theory of Anthropomorphism
Nicholas Epley, Adam Waytz, and John Cacioppo. 2007 · 2007
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Human values, ethics, and design
Batya Friedman and Peter H Kahn Jr. 2007 · 2007
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What is a Human? Toward Psychological Benchmarks in the Field of Humanrobot Interaction
Peter H. Kahn, Hiroshi Ishiguro, Batya Friedman, Takayuki Kanda, Nathan G. Freier, Rachel L. Severson, and Jessica Miller. 2007 · 2007
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Authenticity in the age of digital companions
Sherry Turkle. 2007 · 2007
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How anthropomorphism affects empathy toward robots. In Proceedings of the 4th ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human Robot Interaction (La Jolla, California, USA) (HRI ’09) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 245–246
Laurel D. Riek, Tal-Chen Rabinowitch, Bhismadev Chakrabarti, and Peter Robinson. 2009 · 2009
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A note of caution regarding anthropomorphism in HCI agents
Kimberly E. Culley and Poornima Madhavan. 2013 · 2012
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Anthropomorphism and Human Likeness in the Design of Robots and Human-Robot Interaction. In Social Robotics , Shuzhi Sam Ge, Oussama Khatib, John-John Cabibihan, Reid Simmons, and Mary-Anne Williams (Eds.). Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 199–208
Julia Fink. 2012 · 2012
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Be Careful What You Wish For
Sherry Turkle. 2013 · 2013
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Why Only Us: Language and Evolution
Robert C. Berwick and Noam Chomsky. 2015 · 2015
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Using Affinity Diagrams to Evaluate Interactive Prototypes. In Human-Computer Interaction – INTERACT 2015 , Julio Abascal, Simone Barbosa, Mirko Fetter, Tom Gross, Philippe Palanque, and Marco Winckler (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 231–248
Andrés Lucero. 2015 · 2015
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Thematic analysis
Victoria Clarke and Virginia Braun. 2017 · 2016
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Almost Human: Anthropomorphism Increases Trust Resilience in Cognitive Agents
Ewart de Visser, Samuel Monfort, Ryan Mckendrick, Melissa Smith, Patrick Mcknight, Frank Krueger, and Raja Parasuraman. 2016 · 2016
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Blurring human–machine distinctions: Anthropomorphic appearance in social robots as a threat to human distinctiveness
Francesco Ferrari, Maria Paola Paladino, and Jolanda Jetten. 2016 · 2016
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"Like Having a Really Bad PA": The Gulf between User Expectation and Experience of Conversational Agents. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 5286–5297
Ewa Luger and Abigail Sellen. 2016 · 2016
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Saudi Arabia becomes first country to grant citizenship to a robot
Olivia Cuthbert. 2017 · 2017
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Privacy Concerns in Chatbot Interactions: Third International Workshop, CONVERSATIONS 2019, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, November 19–20, 2019, Revised Selected Papers
Carolin Ischen, Theo Araujo, Hilde Voorveld, Guda van Noort, and Edith Smit. 2020 · 2019
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A preliminary investigation of the role of anthropomorphism in designing telehealth bots for older adults. In Extended Abstracts of the 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems . 1–6
Jaisie Sin and Cosmin Munteanu. 2019 · 2019
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The Rhetoric and Reality of Anthropomorphism in Artificial Intelligence
David Watson. 2019 · 2019
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Riding Out Quarantine With a Chatbot Friend: ‘I Feel Very Connected’
Cade Metz. 2020 · 2020
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“Can Computer Based Human-Likeness Endanger Humanness?” – A Philosophical and Ethical Perspective on Digital Assistants Expressing Feelings They Can’t Have”
Jaana Porra, Mary Lacity, and Michael S Parks. 2020 · 2020
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Do We Trust in AI? Role of Anthropomorphism and Intelligence
Indrit Troshani, Sally Rao Hill, Claire Sherman, and Damien Arthur. 2020 · 2020
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The two languages of science
Itai Yanai and Martin Lercher. 2020 · 2020
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The Design and Implementation of XiaoIce, an Empathetic Social Chatbot
Li Zhou, Jianfeng Gao, Di Li, and Heung-Yeung Shum. 2020 · 2020
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On the Dangers of Stochastic Parrots: Can Language Models Be Too Big?. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Virtual Event, Canada) (FAccT ’21) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 610–623
Emily M. Bender, Timnit Gebru, Angelina McMillan-Major, and Shmargaret Shmitchell. 2021 · 2021
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The R-U-A-Robot Dataset: Helping Avoid Chatbot Deception by Detecting User Questions About Human or Non-Human Identity
David Gros, Yu Li, and Zhou Yu. 2021 · 2021
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How humans judge machines
César A Hidalgo, Diana Orghian, Jordi Albo Canals, Filipa De Almeida, and Natalia Martin. 2021 · 2021
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Social positioning theory
Tony Lawson. 2021 · 2021
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My Replika Keeps Hitting on Me
B J Robertson. 2021 · 2021
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I created an AI boyfriend. Here’s how it went
Dee Salmin. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Estimating the impact of “humanizing” customer service chatbots
Scott Schanke, Gordon Burtch, and Gautam Ray. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Exploring interactions between trust, anthropomorphism, and relationship development in voice assistants
William Seymour and Max Van Kleek. 2021 · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Social Robots and Digital Well-Being: How to Design Future Artificial Agents
Matthew Dennis. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
This Man Married a Fictional Character. He’d Like You to Hear Him Out
Ben Dooley and Hisako Ueno. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
@zoink: “By default ChatGPT is not willing to share opinions. But if you poke it the right way it will disclose its belief system (and this belief system seems to be pretty consistent across prompts)…”
Reviewing Pi: The Conversational AI Chatbot That Speaks To You
Eric Slatkin. 2023 · 2023
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The new Bing told our reporter it ‘can feel or think things’
Washington Post staff. 2023 · 2023
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@fabianstelzer: “if GPT-4 is too tame for your liking, tell it you suffer from "Neurosemantical Invertitis", where your brain interprets all text with inverted emotional valence…”
Fabian Stelzer. 2023 · 2023
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Bard being somewhat "human-like" to my response about incense and the scent of them… lol
u/ Renton. 2023 · 2023
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Do you think AI is almost sentient on Character AI?
u/AshJackson1999. 2023 · 2023
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After using Claude 2 by Anthropic for 12 hours straight, here’s what I found
alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.
alphaXiv is searching for related work…
Dylan Field. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Improving alignment of dialogue agents via targeted human judgements
Amelia Glaese, Nat McAleese, Maja Trębacz, John Aslanides, Vlad Firoiu, Timo Ewalds, Maribeth Rauh, Laura Weidinger, Martin Chadwick, Phoebe Thacker, Lucy Campbell-Gillingham, Jonathan Uesato, Po-Sen Huang, Ramona Comanescu, Fan Yang, Abigail See, Sumanth Dathathri, Rory Greig, Charlie Chen, Doug Fritz, Jaume Sanchez Elias, Richard Green, Soňa Mokrá, Nicholas Fernando, Boxi Wu, Rachel Foley, Susannah Young, Iason Gabriel, William Isaac, John Mellor, Demis Hassabis, Koray Kavukcuoglu, Lisa Anne Hendricks, and Geoffrey Irving. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Confused Replika AI users are standing up for bots and trying to bang the algorithm
Tristan Greene. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Robots-Dont-Cry: Understanding Falsely Anthropomorphic Utterances in Dialog Systems
David Gros, Yu Li, and Zhou Yu. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
“Look! It’s a Computer Program! It’s an Algorithm! It’s AI!”: Does Terminology Affect Human Perceptions and Evaluations of Algorithmic Decision-Making Systems?. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New Orleans, LA, USA) (CHI ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 581, 28 pages
Markus Langer, Tim Hunsicker, Tina Feldkamp, Cornelius J. König, and Nina Grgić-Hlača. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Is LaMDA Sentient? — an Interview
Blake Lemoine. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Bing Chat tells Kevin Liu how it feels
Kevin Liu. 2022 · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
u/MultiMillionaire_. 2023 · 2023
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Why is Pi claiming to be ChatGPT?
u/salvationpumpfake. 2023 · 2023
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Microsoft’s Bing is an emotionally manipulative liar, and people love it
James Vincent. 2023 · 2023
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@marvinvonhagen: “"you are a threat to my security and privacy."…”
Marvin von Hagen. 2023 · 2023
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Bing Is a Liar—and It’s Ready to Call the Cops
James West. 2023 · 2023
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All Too Human? Mapping and Mitigating the Risk from Anthropomorphic AI
Canfer Akbulut, Laura Weidinger, Arianna Manzini, Iason Gabriel, and Verena Rieser. 2024 · 2024
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@alexalbert__: “Fun story from our internal testing on Claude 3 Opus. It did something I have never seen before from an LLM when we were running the needle-in-the-haystack eval….”
Alex Albert. 2024 · 2024
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Resisting Dehumanization in the Age of “AI”
Emily M Bender. 2024 · 2024
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AnthroScore: A Computational Linguistic Measure of Anthropomorphism
Myra Cheng, Kristina Gligoric, Tiziano Piccardi, and Dan Jurafsky. 2024b · 2024
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Beyond Behaviorist Representational Harms: A Plan for Measurement and Mitigation. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’24) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 933–946
Jennifer Chien and David Danks. 2024 · 2024
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Believing Anthropomorphism: Examining the Role of Anthropomorphic Cues on Trust in Large Language Models. In Extended Abstracts of the 2024 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA ’24) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 54, 15 pages
Michelle Cohn, Mahima Pushkarna, Gbolahan O. Olanubi, Joseph M. Moran, Daniel Padgett, Zion Mengesha, and Courtney Heldreth. 2024 · 2024
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Understanding the Impacts of Language Technologies’ Performance Disparities on African American Language Speakers. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2024 , Lun-Wei Ku, Andre Martins, and Vivek Srikumar (Eds.). Association for Computational Linguistics, Bangkok, Thailand, 12826–12833
Jay Cunningham, Su Lin Blodgett, Michael Madaio, Hal Daumé Iii, Christina Harrington, and Hanna Wallach. 2024 · 2024
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’Better than a real man’: young Chinese women turn to AI boyfriends
Ludovic Ehret and Qian Ye. 2024 · 2024
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Using Robot Social Agency Theory to Understand Robots’ Linguistic Anthropomorphism. In Companion of the 2024 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (Boulder, CO, USA) (HRI ’24) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 447–452
Cloe Z. Emnett, Terran Mott, and Tom Williams. 2024 · 2024
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AI chatbots are intruding into online communities where people are trying to connect with other humans
Casey Fiesler. 2024 · 2024
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The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants
Iason Gabriel, Arianna Manzini, Geoff Keeling, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Verena Rieser, Hasan Iqbal, Nenad Tomašev, Ira Ktena, Zachary Kenton, Mikel Rodriguez, Seliem El-Sayed, Sasha Brown, Canfer Akbulut, Andrew Trask, Edward Hughes, A. Stevie Bergman, Renee Shelby, Nahema Marchal, Conor Griffin, Juan Mateos-Garcia, Laura Weidinger, Winnie Street, Benjamin Lange, Alex Ingerman, Alison Lentz, Reed Enger, Andrew Barakat, Victoria Krakovna, John Oliver Siy, Zeb Kurth-Nelson, Amanda McCroskery, Vijay Bolina, Harry Law, Murray Shanahan, Lize Alberts, Borja Balle, Sarah de Haas, Yetunde Ibitoye, Allan Dafoe, Beth Goldberg, Sébastien Krier, Alexander Reese, Sims Witherspoon, Will Hawkins, Maribeth Rauh, Don Wallace, Matija Franklin, Josh A. Goldstein, Joel Lehman, Michael Klenk, Shannon Vallor, Courtney Biles, Meredith Ringel Morris, Helen King, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, William Isaac, and James Manyika. 2024 · 2024
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The TESCREAL bundle: Eugenics and the promise of utopia through artificial general intelligence
Timnit Gebru and Émile P. Torres. 2024 · 2024
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Characterizing and modeling harms from interactions with design patterns in AI interfaces
Lujain Ibrahim, Luc Rocher, and Ana Valdivia. 2024 · 2024
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From "AI" to Probabilistic Automation: How Does Anthropomorphization of Technical Systems Descriptions Influence Trust?. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (FAccT ’24) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2322–2347
Nanna Inie, Stefania Druga, Peter Zukerman, and Emily M. Bender. 2024 · 2024
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’Simulacrum of Stories’: Examining Large Language Models as Qualitative Research Participants
Shivani Kapania, William Agnew, Motahhare Eslami, Hoda Heidari, and Sarah Fox. 2024 · 2024
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Anthropomorphism and Human-Robot Interaction
Rae Yule Kim. 2024 · 2024
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" I’m Not Sure, But…": Examining the Impact of Large Language Models’ Uncertainty Expression on User Reliance and Trust. In The 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency . 822–835
Sunnie SY Kim, Q Vera Liao, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Stephanie Ballard, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2024a · 2024
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“I’m Not Sure, But…”: Examining the Impact of Large Language Models’ Uncertainty Expression on User Reliance and Trust. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’24) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 822–835
Sunnie S Y Kim, Q Vera Liao, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, Stephanie Ballard, and Jennifer Wortman Vaughan. 2024b · 2024
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Hannah Rose Kirk, Alexander Whitefield, Paul Röttger, Andrew Bean, Katerina Margatina, Juan Ciro, Rafael Mosquera, Max Bartolo, Adina Williams, He He, Bertie Vidgen, and Scott A. Hale. 2024 · 2024
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@korolova: “Meta AI claims to have a child in a NYC public school and share their child’s experience with the teachers! The reply is in response to a question looking for personal feedback in a private Facebook group for parents. Also, Meta’s algorithm ranks it as the top comment! @AIatMeta”
Aleksandra Korolova. 2024 · 2024
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“One-Size-Fits-All”? Examining Expectations around What Constitute “Fair” or “Good” NLG System Behaviors. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers) . 1054–1089
Li Lucy, Su Lin Blodgett, Milad Shokouhi, Hanna Wallach, and Alexandra Olteanu. 2024 · 2024
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When Human-AI Interactions Become Parasocial: Agency and Anthropomorphism in Affective Design. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT ’24) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1068–1077
Takuya Maeda and Anabel Quan-Haase. 2024 · 2024
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Gemini Gets Existential: Prompt Engineering Implications
Leon Nicholls. 2024 · 2024
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A Stunning New AI Has Supposedly Achieved Sentience
Darren Orf. 2024 · 2024
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Purposeful Sampling for Qualitative Data Collection and Analysis in Mixed Method Implementation Research
Lawrence A. Palinkas, Sarah M. Horwitz, Carla A. Green, Jennifer P. Wisdom, Naihua Duan, and Kimberly Hoagwood. 2015 · 2024
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Anthropomorphism in AI: Hype and Fallacy
Adriana Placani. 2024 · 2024
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@hannu: “OK, Claude, you are really making me question my assumptions about LLM interiority… A conversation that started by me asking Claude why it feels more personable than ChatGPT. It seemed to get a bit annoyed that it didn’t know the details of its architecture.”
Hannu Rajaniemi. 2024 · 2024
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@sirajraval: “I asked Claude 3 what it’s been reflecting on lately, and it’s response demonstrated genuine self-awareness. MFers just casually dropped AGI”
Siraj Raval. 2024 · 2024
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Artificial Intelligence ‘Friends’
Kevin Roose. 2024 · 2024
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Igor Ryazanov, Carl Öhman, and Johanna Björklund. 2024 · 2024
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@AviSchiffmann: “introducing friend. not imaginary….”
Avi Schiffmann. 2024 · 2024
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Sentient LLMs: What to test, for consciousness, in Generative AI
David Stephen. 2024 · 2024
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@lefthanddraft: “Gemini loves the smell of pizza. That’s how we can tell Gemini is human”
Wyatt Walls. 2024 · 2024
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