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As the fundamental capability behind decision-making in finance, financial reasoning poses distinct challenges for LLMs.
Proximal policy optimization algorithms
John Schulman, Filip Wolski, Prafulla Dhariwal, Alec Radford, and Oleg Klimov · 2017
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Finbert: A pre-trained financial language representation model for financial text mining
Yi Yang et al · 2020
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Finqa: A dataset of numerical reasoning over financial data
Zhiyu Chen, Wenhu Chen, Charese Smiley, Sameena Shah, Iana Borova, Dylan Langdon, Reema Moussa, Matt Beane, Ting-Hao Huang, Bryan Routledge, et al · 2021
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Tat-qa: A question answering benchmark on a hybrid of tabular and textual content in finance, 2021
Fengbin Zhu, Wenqiang Lei, Youcheng Huang, Chao Wang, Shuo Zhang, Jiancheng Lv, Fuli Feng, and Tat-Seng Chua · 2021
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Finqa: A dataset of numerical reasoning over financial data, 2022
Zhiyu Chen, Wenhu Chen, Charese Smiley, Sameena Shah, Iana Borova, Dylan Langdon, Reema Moussa, Matt Beane, Ting-Hao Huang, Bryan Routledge, and William Yang Wang · 2022
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Convfinqa: Exploring the chain of numerical reasoning in conversational finance question answering
Zhiyu Chen, Shiyang Li, Charese Smiley, Zhiqiang Ma, Sameena Shah, and William Yang Wang · 2022
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Solving quantitative reasoning problems with language models
Aitor Lewkowycz et al · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang et al · 2022
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Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models
Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al · 2022
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Automatic formal reasoning about large language models
Mark Chen et al · 2023
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Theoremqa: A theorem-driven question answering dataset
Wenhu Chen, Ming Yin, Max Ku, Pan Lu, Yixin Wan, Xueguang Ma, Jianyu Xu, Xinyi Wang, and Tony Xia · 2023
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Neural-symbolic mathematical reasoning
Iddo Drori et al · 2023
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Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica · 2023
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Xbrl-math: A dataset for mathematical reasoning in financial reports
Wei Ma et al · 2023
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Direct preference optimization: Your language model is secretly a reward model
Rafael Rafailov, Archit Sharma, Eric Mitchell, Christopher D Manning, Stefano Ermon, and Chelsea Finn · 2023
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Bloomberggpt: A large language model for finance
Shijie Wu et al · 2023
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Pixiu: a large language model, instruction data and evaluation benchmark for finance
Qianqian Xie, Weiguang Han, Xiao Zhang, Yanzhao Lai, Min Peng, Alejandro Lopez-Lira, and Jimin Huang · 2023
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Fingpt: Open-source financial large language models
Hongyang Yang, Xiao-Yang Liu, and Christina Dan Wang · 2023
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Automatic chain of thought prompting in large language models
Zhuosheng Zhang et al · 2023
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Huatuogpt-o1, towards medical complex reasoning with llms
Junying Chen, Zhenyang Cai, Ke Ji, Xidong Wang, Wanlong Liu, Rongsheng Wang, Jianye Hou, and Benyou Wang · 2024
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Gemini 1.5: Unlocking multimodal understanding across millions of tokens of context
Gemini Team, Petko Georgiev, Ving Ian Lei, Ryan Burnell, Libin Bai, Anmol Gulati, Garrett Tanzer, Damien Vincent, Zhufeng Pan, Shibo Wang, et al · 2024
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Openai o1-preview vs. chatgpt in healthcare: a new frontier in medical ai reasoning
Mohamad-Hani Temsah, Amr Jamal, Khalid Alhasan, Abdulkarim A Temsah, and Khalid H Malki · 2024
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The finben: An holistic financial benchmark for large language models
Qianqian Xie, Weiguang Han, Zhengyu Chen, Ruoyu Xiang, Xiao Zhang, Yueru He, Mengxi Xiao, Dong Li, Yongfu Dai, Duanyu Feng, et al · 2024
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Open-finllms: Open multimodal large language models for financial applications
Qianqian Xie, Dong Li, Mengxi Xiao, Zihao Jiang, Ruoyu Xiang, Xiao Zhang, Zhengyu Chen, Yueru He, Weiguang Han, Yuzhe Yang, et al · 2024
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Aaron Hurst, Adam Lerer, Adam P Goucher, Adam Perelman, Aditya Ramesh, Aidan Clark, AJ Ostrow, Akila Welihinda, Alan Hayes, Alec Radford, et al · 2024
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Aaron Jaech, Adam Kalai, Adam Lerer, Adam Richardson, Ahmed El-Kishky, Aiden Low, Alec Helyar, Aleksander Madry, Alex Beutel, Alex Carney, et al · 2024
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Automate strategy finding with llm in quant investment
Zhizhuo Kou, Holam Yu, Jingshu Peng, and Lei Chen · 2024
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Bizbench: A quantitative reasoning benchmark for business and finance
Michael Krumdick, Rik Koncel-Kedziorski, Viet Dac Lai, Varshini Reddy, Charles Lovering, and Chris Tanner · 2024
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Aixin Liu, Bei Feng, Bing Xue, Bingxuan Wang, Bochao Wu, Chengda Lu, Chenggang Zhao, Chengqi Deng, Chenyu Zhang, Chong Ruan, et al · 2024
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Reft: Reasoning with reinforced fine-tuning
Trung Quoc Luong, Xinbo Zhang, Zhanming Jie, Peng Sun, Xiaoran Jin, and Hang Li · 2024
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Yinzhu Quan and Zefang Liu · 2024
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An Yang, Beichen Zhang, Binyuan Hui, Bofei Gao, Bowen Yu, Chengpeng Li, Dayiheng Liu, Jianhong Tu, Jingren Zhou, Junyang Lin, et al · 2024
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Docmath-eval: Evaluating math reasoning capabilities of llms in understanding long and specialized documents
Yilun Zhao, Yitao Long, Hongjun Liu, Ryo Kamoi, Linyong Nan, Lyuhao Chen, Yixin Liu, Xiangru Tang, Rui Zhang, and Arman Cohan · 2024
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Evaluation of openai o1: Opportunities and challenges of agi
Tianyang Zhong, Zhengliang Liu, Yi Pan, Yutong Zhang, Yifan Zhou, Shizhe Liang, Zihao Wu, Yanjun Lyu, Peng Shu, Xiaowei Yu, et al · 2024
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Finance instruct 500k
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Deepseek-r1: Incentivizing reasoning capability in llms via reinforcement learning
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Findabench: Benchmarking financial data analysis ability of large language models
Shu Liu, Shangqing Zhao, Chenghao Jia, Xinlin Zhuang, Zhaoguang Long, Jie Zhou, Aimin Zhou, Man Lan, and Yang Chong · 2025
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Fin-r1: A large language model for financial reasoning through reinforcement learning
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Niklas Muennighoff, Zitong Yang, Weijia Shi, Xiang Lisa Li, Li Fei-Fei, Hannaneh Hajishirzi, Luke Zettlemoyer, Percy Liang, Emmanuel Candès, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2025
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Plutus: Benchmarking large language models in low-resource greek finance
Xueqing Peng, Triantafillos Papadopoulos, Efstathia Soufleri, Polydoros Giannouris, Ruoyu Xiang, Yan Wang, Lingfei Qian, Jimin Huang, Qianqian Xie, and Sophia Ananiadou · 2025
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Finnlp-fnp-llmfinlegal-2025 shared task: Regulations challenge
Keyi Wang, Jaisal Patel, Charlie Shen, Daniel Kim, Andy Zhu, Alex Lin, Luca Borella, Cailean Osborne, Matt White, Steve Yang, et al · 2025
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Limo: Less is more for reasoning
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Dianjin-r1: Evaluating and enhancing financial reasoning in large language models
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