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In late January 2025, DeepSeek released their new reasoning model (DeepSeek R1); which was developed at a fraction of the cost yet remains competitive with OpenAI's models, despite the US's GPU export ban.
2024
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2024
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2024
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2024
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2024
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DeepSeek, “DeepSeek Homepage,” 2025, accessed: 2025-02-03. [Online]. Available: https://www.deepseek.com/
2025
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Reid, “Nvidia drops nearly 17% as China’s cheaper AI model DeepSeek sparks global tech sell-off,” CNBC , January 27 2025, accessed: 2025-02-03. [Online]. Available: https://www.cnbc.com/2025/01/27/nvidia-falls-10percent-in-premarket-trading-as-chinas-deepseek-triggers-global-tech-sell-off.html
2025
Earlier work this paper cites.
P. Hoskins and I. Rahman-Jones, “Nvidia shares sink as Chinese AI app spooks markets,” BBC News , January 27 2025, accessed: 2025-02-03. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c0qw7z2v1pgo
2025
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G. Marcus, “The race for "AI Supremacy" is over - at least for now,” Marcus on AI (Substack) , January 26 2025, accessed: 2025-02-03. [Online]. Available: https://garymarcus.substack.com/p/the-race-for-ai-supremacy-is-over
2025
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2025
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Gibney, “China’s Cheap, Open AI Model DeepSeek Thrills Scientists,” Nature , 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00229-6
2025
Earlier work this paper cites.
HKUST-NLP, “Simple Reinforcement Learning for Reasoning,” GitHub repository, 2025, accessed: Jan. 28, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/hkust-nlp/simpleRL-reason
2025
Earlier work this paper cites.
Zeng et al., “7B Model and 8K Examples: Emerging Reasoning with Reinforcement Learning is Both Effective and Efficient,” Notion, Jan. 25 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://hkust-nlp.notion.site/simplerl-reason
2025
Earlier work this paper cites.
2025
Earlier work this paper cites.
Hugging Face, “Open R1,” GitHub repository, 2025, accessed: Jan. 31, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/huggingface/open-r1
2025
Earlier work this paper cites.
Doubao Team, “Doubao-1.5-Pro,” Available at: https://team.doubao.com/en/special/doubao_1_5_pro , 2025, accessed: Jan. 27, 2025
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
A. Razzaq, “ByteDance AI Introduces Doubao-1.5-Pro Language Model with a ‘Deep Thinking’ Mode and Matches GPT-4o and Claude 3.5 Sonnet Benchmarks at 50x Cheaper,” MarkTechPost , Jan. 25 2025, accessed: Jan. 27, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.marktechpost.com/2025/01/25/bytedance-ai-introduces-doubao-1-5-pro-language-model-with-a-deep-thinking-mode-and-matches-gpt-4o-and-claude-3-5-sonnet-benchmarks-at-50x-cheaper/
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
C. ZenSoo, “DeepSeek Has Rattled the AI Industry. Here’s a Look at Other Chinese AI Models,” TIME , Jan. 28 2025, accessed: Jan. 28, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://time.com/7210521/deepseek-chinese-ai-models/
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
AIbase, “iFlytek Releases the Xunfei Spark Deep Reasoning Model X1,” Available at: https://www.aibase.com/news/14723 , 2025, accessed: Jan. 28, 2025
T. Kellog, “Someone on X Claims to Have Jailbroken R1 by Invoking the Name of Pliny, a Renowned LLM Jailbreaker,” BlueSky, Jan. 24 2025, accessed: Jan. 27, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://bsky.app/profile/timkellogg.me/post/3lgj25q42w22h
2025
Closest in time.
Martin et al., “DeepSh*t: Exposing the Security Risks of DeepSeek-r1,” Hidden Layer , Jan. 30 2025, accessed: Feb. 1, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://hiddenlayer.com/innovation-hub/deepsht-exposing-the-security-risks-of-deepseek-r1/
2025
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K. Wilhoit, “Recent Jailbreaks Demonstrate Emerging Threat to DeepSeek,” Palo Alto Networks , Jan. 30 2025, accessed: Feb. 1, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://unit42.paloaltonetworks.com/jailbreaking-deepseek-three-techniques/
2025
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B. Thompson, “DeepSeek FAQ,” Stratechery , Jan. 27 2025, accessed: Jan. 28, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://stratechery.com/2025/deepseek-faq/
2025
Closest in time.
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2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Kimi Team, “Kimi k1.5,” GitHub repository, 2025, accessed: Jan. 28, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/MoonshotAI/Kimi-k1.5
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Ashley, “Kimi k1.5: How China’s New AI Powerhouse is Redefining Multimodal Reasoning and Beating OpenAI’s o1,” Medium , 2025, accessed: Jan. 28, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://medium.com/@ashinno43/kimi-k1-5-how-this-next-gen-ai-model-is-revolutionizing-multimodal-reasoning-with-reinforcement-e06fbd64c12c
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
M. Sweney and D. Milmo, “OpenAI ’reviewing’ allegations that its AI models were used to make DeepSeek,” The Guardian , Jan. 29 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2025/jan/29/openai-chatgpt-deepseek-china-us-ai-models
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
OpenAI, “OpenAI o3-mini,” Available at: https://openai.com/index/openai-o3-mini/ , Jan. 31 2025
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
S. J. Mulligan, “OpenAI Releases Its New o3-mini Reasoning Model for Free,” MIT Technology Review , Jan. 31 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.technologyreview.com/2025/01/31/1110757/openai-makes-its-reasoning-model-for-free/
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
L. Jamali, “China’s DeepSeek AI Shakes Industry and Dents America’s Swagger,” BBC News , Jan. 28 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cd643wx888qo
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
Wikipedia, “CHIPS and Science Act,” Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHIPS_and_Science_Act , 2025, accessed: Jan. 28, 2025
2025
Cited alongside, same era.
@kimmonismus, “Billionaire and Scale AI CEO Alexandr Wang: DeepSeek Has About 50,000 NVIDIA H100s That They Can’t Talk About Because of the US Export Controls That Are in Place,” X (formerly Twitter), Jan. 24 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://x.com/kimmonismus/status/1882824571281436713
2025
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@its_dibya, “With R1, a Lot of People Have Been Asking How Come We Didn’t Discover This 2 Years Ago?” X (formerly Twitter), Jan. 26 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://x.com/its_dibya/status/1883595705736163727
2025
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@jiayi_pirate, “The Specific RL Alg Doesn’t Matter Much…,” X (formerly Twitter), Jan. 24 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://x.com/jiayi_pirate/status/1882839504899420517
2025
Closest in time.
J. MSV, “All About DeepSeek – The Chinese AI Startup Challenging US Big Tech,” Forbes , Jan. 26 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.forbes.com/sites/janakirammsv/2025/01/26/all-about-deepseekthe-chinese-ai-startup-challenging-the-us-big-tech
2025
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OpenAI, “Announcing The Stargate Project,” OpenAI Blog , Jan. 21 2025, accessed: Feb. 3 2025. [Online]. Available: https://openai.com/index/announcing-the-stargate-project/
2025
Closest in time.
J. de Silva and G. Fraser, “OpenAI Says Chinese Rivals Using Its Work for Their AI Apps,” BBC News , 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/c9vm1m8wpr9o
2025
Closest in time.
T. Gerken, “Be Careful with DeepSeek Australia Says – So Is It Safe to Use?” BBC News , 2025, accessed: Jan. 28, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cx2k7r5nrvpo
2025
Closest in time.
Z. Doffman, “New DeepSeek Warning — Do You Need To Delete Your iPhone, Android App?” Forbes , Jan. 30 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.forbes.com/sites/zakdoffman/2025/01/30/new-deepseek-warning-do-you-need-to-delete-your-iphone-android-app/
2025
Closest in time.
E. Pollina, “DeepSeek blocked on Apple and Google app stores in Italy,” Reuters , Jan. 29 2025, accessed: Feb 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.reuters.com/technology/deepseek-app-unavailable-apple-google-app-stores-italy-2025-01-29/
2025
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G. Nagli, “Wiz Research Uncovers Exposed DeepSeek Database Leaking Sensitive Information, Including Chat History,” Jan. 29 2025, accessed: Feb 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://www.wiz.io/blog/wiz-research-uncovers-exposed-deepseek-database-leak
2025
Closest in time.
T. Macaulay, “European AI alliance unveils LLM alternative to Silicon Valley and DeepSeek,” The Next Web , Feb. 3 2025, accessed: Feb. 3, 2025. [Online]. Available: https://thenextweb.com/news/european-ai-alliance-openeurollm-challenges-us-china
2025
Closest in time.