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Despite their remarkable performance, Large Language Models (LLMs) face a critical challenge: providing feedback for tasks where human evaluation is difficult or where LLMs potentially outperform humans.
Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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Measuring massive multitask language understanding
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, Christopher Hesse, and John Schulman · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
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Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Y Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, Andrew M Dai, and Quoc V Le · 2021
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Training a helpful and harmless assistant with reinforcement learning from human feedback
Yuntao Bai, Andy Jones, Kamal Ndousse, Amanda Askell, Anna Chen, Nova DasSarma, Dawn Drain, Stanislav Fort, Deep Ganguli, Tom Henighan, et al · 2022
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Measuring progress on scalable oversight for large language models
Samuel R Bowman, Jeeyoon Hyun, Ethan Perez, Edwin Chen, Craig Pettit, Scott Heiner, Kamilė Lukošiūtė, Amanda Askell, Andy Jones, Anna Chen, et al · 2022
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Solving quantitative reasoning problems with language models
Aitor Lewkowycz, Anders Andreassen, David Dohan, Ethan Dyer, Henryk Michalewski, Vinay Ramasesh, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, et al · 2022
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Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback
Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al · 2022
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Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluators
William Saunders, Catherine Yeh, Jeff Wu, Steven Bills, Long Ouyang, Jonathan Ward, and Jan Leike · 2022
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Critic-cot: Boosting the reasoning abilities of large language model via chain-of-thoughts critic
Xin Zheng, Jie Lou, Boxi Cao, Xueru Wen, Yuqiu Ji, Hongyu Lin, Yaojie Lu, Xianpei Han, Debing Zhang, and Le Sun · 2022
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Josh Achiam, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida, Janko Altenschmidt, Sam Altman, Shyamal Anadkat, et al · 2023
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Tora: A tool-integrated reasoning agent for mathematical problem solving
Zhibin Gou, Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, Yelong Shen, Yujiu Yang, Minlie Huang, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen · 2023
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Large language models cannot self-correct reasoning yet
Jie Huang, Xinyun Chen, Swaroop Mishra, Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Adams Wei Yu, Xinying Song, and Denny Zhou · 2023
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Hunter Lightman, Vineet Kosaraju, Yura Burda, Harri Edwards, Bowen Baker, Teddy Lee, Jan Leike, John Schulman, Ilya Sutskever, and Karl Cobbe · 2023
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Gpqa: A graduate-level google-proof q&a benchmark
David Rein, Betty Li Hou, Asa Cooper Stickland, Jackson Petty, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Julien Dirani, Julian Michael, and Samuel R Bowman · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Remax: A simple, effective, and efficient reinforcement learning method for aligning large language models
Ziniu Li, Tian Xu, Yushun Zhang, Zhihang Lin, Yang Yu, Ruoyu Sun, and Zhi-Quan Luo · 2024
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Llm critics help catch llm bugs
Nat McAleese, Rai Michael Pokorny, Juan Felipe Ceron Uribe, Evgenia Nitishinskaya, Maja Trebacz, and Jan Leike · 2024
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Learning to reason with LLMs
OpenAI · 2024
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Qwen2.5: A party of foundation models, September 2024
Qwen-Team · 2024
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Deepseekmath: Pushing the limits of mathematical reasoning in open language models
Zhihong Shao, Peiyi Wang, Qihao Zhu, Runxin Xu, Junxiao Song, Xiao Bi, Haowei Zhang, Mingchuan Zhang, YK Li, Y Wu, et al · 2024
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How far can camels go? exploring the state of instruction tuning on open resources, 2023
Yizhong Wang, Hamish Ivison, Pradeep Dasigi, Jack Hessel, Tushar Khot, Khyathi Raghavi Chandu, David Wadden, Kelsey MacMillan, Noah A. Smith, Iz Beltagy, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Evaluating the performance of large language models on gaokao benchmark
Xiaotian Zhang, Chunyang Li, Yi Zong, Zhengyu Ying, Liang He, and Xipeng Qiu · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
The claude 3 model family: Opus, sonnet, haiku, 2024
Anthropic · 2024
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Deepseek-v2: A strong, economical, and efficient mixture-of-experts language model, 2024
DeepSeek-AI · 2024
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Chaoqun He, Renjie Luo, Yuzhuo Bai, Shengding Hu, Zhen Leng Thai, Junhao Shen, Jinyi Hu, Xu Han, Yujie Huang, Yuxiang Zhang, et al · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Training language models to critique with multi-agent feedback
Tian Lan, Wenwei Zhang, Chengqi Lyu, Shuaibin Li, Chen Xu, Heyan Huang, Dahua Lin, Xian-Ling Mao, and Kai Chen · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Numinamath
Jia LI, Edward Beeching, Lewis Tunstall, Ben Lipkin, Roman Soletskyi, Shengyi Costa Huang, Kashif Rasul, Longhui Yu, Albert Jiang, Ziju Shen, Zihan Qin, Bin Dong, Li Zhou, Yann Fleureau, Guillaume Lample, and Stanislas Polu · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Mathstral, July 2024a
Mistral-AI
Cited in the paper.
Zhengyang Tang, Xingxing Zhang, Benyou Wang, and Furu Wei · 2024
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Supercorrect: Supervising and correcting language models with error-driven insights
Ling Yang, Zhaochen Yu, Tianjun Zhang, Minkai Xu, Joseph E Gonzalez, Bin Cui, and Shuicheng Yan · 2024
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Generative verifiers: Reward modeling as next-token prediction
Lunjun Zhang, Arian Hosseini, Hritik Bansal, Mehran Kazemi, Aviral Kumar, and Rishabh Agarwal · 2024
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Am-thinking-v1: Advancing the frontier of reasoning at 32b scale, 2025
Yunjie Ji, Xiaoyu Tian, Sitong Zhao, Haotian Wang, Shuaiting Chen, Yiping Peng, Han Zhao, and Xiangang Li · 2025
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Preserving diversity in supervised fine-tuning of large language models
Ziniu Li, Congliang Chen, Tian Xu, Zeyu Qin, Jiancong Xiao, Zhi-Quan Luo, and Ruoyu Sun · 2025
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Realcritic: Towards effectiveness-driven evaluation of language model critiques
Zhengyang Tang, Ziniu Li, Zhenyang Xiao, Tian Ding, Ruoyu Sun, Benyou Wang, Dayiheng Liu, Fei Huang, Tianyu Liu, Bowen Yu, et al · 2025
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