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Classical models of memory in psychology and neuroscience rely on similarity-based retrieval of stored patterns, where similarity is a function of retrieval cues and the stored patterns.
Conditioned Reflexes
IP Pavlov · 1927
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Statistical theory of spontaneous recovery and regression
WK Estes · 1955
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Surprise as a factor in the von Restorff effect
RT Green · 1956
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“fate”’ of first-list associations in transfer theory
Jean M Barnes and Benton J Underwood · 1959
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Learning matrices and their applications
Karl Steinbuch and Uwe A. W. Piske · 1963
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Theoretical foundations of the potential function method in pattern recognition learning
MA Aizerman, EM Braverman, and LI Rozonoer · 1964
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Memory and the feeling-of-knowing experience
JT Hart · 1965
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Stages of memory in mice treated with acetoxycycloheximide before or immediately after learning
LB Flexner, JB Flexner, and RB Roberts · 1966
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The “tip of the tongue”’ phenomenon
Roger Brown and David McNeill · 1966
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Retrieval of long-term memory: “tip-of-the-tongue”’ phenomenon
JL Freedman and TK Landauer · 1966
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Recovery of memory following amnesia
Donald J Lewis, James R Misanin, and Ralph R Miller · 1968
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Non-holographic associative memory
David J Willshaw, O Peter Buneman, and Hugh Christopher Longuet-Higgins · 1969
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Two models for memory organization using interacting traces
James A Anderson · 1970
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Forgetting: Trace erosion or retrieval failure?
Richard M Shiffrin · 1970
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Acetoxycycloheximide and transient amnesia in the rat
Roger G Serota · 1971
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Correlation matrix memories
Teuvo Kohonen · 1972
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Learning patterns and pattern sequences by self-organizing nets of threshold elements
S-I Amari · 1972
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Associatron-a model of associative memory
Kaoru Nakano · 1972
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Variable decay of memory and its recovery in cycloheximide-treated mice
Larry R Squire and Samuel H Barondes · 1972
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Cue-dependent forgetting
Endel Tulving · 1974
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Spontaneous remembering after recall failure
Herman Buschke · 1974
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‘feeling of knowing’ and cued recall
Michael M Gruneberg and Joseph Monks · 1974
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Memory without organization: Properties of a model with random storage and undirected retrieval
Thomas K Landauer · 1975
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Fifty years of memory for names and faces: A cross-sectional approach
HP Bahrick, PO Bahrick, and RP Wittlinger · 1975
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Reinstatement of fear to an extinguished conditioned stimulus
RA Rescorla and CD Heth · 1975
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Principles of Learning and Memory
Robert G Crowder · 1976
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A study of memory pointers
Asher Koriat and Israel Lieblich · 1977
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The role of recall time in producing hypermnesia
HL Roediger and LA Thorpe · 1978
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Psychobiology of active and inactive memory
Donald J Lewis · 1979
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Content-Addressable Memories
Teuvo Kohonen · 1980
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Recognizing: The judgment of previous occurrence
George Mandler · 1980
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Neural networks and physical systems with emergent collective computational abilities
John J Hopfield · 1982
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Comparison of convolution and matrix distributed memory systems for associative recall and recognition
Ray Pike · 1984
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The status of memory following experimentally induced amnesias: Gone, but not forgotten
David C Riccio and Rick Richardson · 1984
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Headed records: A model for memory and its failures
John Morton, Richard H Hammersley, and DA Bekerian · 1985
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My memory: A study of autobiographical memory over six years
Willem A Wagenaar · 1986
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The hippocampal memory indexing theory
TJ Teyler and P DiScenna · 1986
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Statistical mechanics of neural networks near saturation
Daniel J Amit, Hanoch Gutfreund, and H Sompolinsky · 1987
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Hypermnesia and reminiscence in recall: a historical and empirical review
DG Payne · 1987
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Strategy selection in question answering
Lynne M Reder · 1987
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Sparse Distributed Memory
Pentti Kanerva · 1988
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State-dependent recall can be induced by protein synthesis inhibition: behavioural and morphological observations
PM Bradley and KM Galal · 1988
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An investigation of paradoxical memory effects
Elliot Hirshman, M Margaret Whelley, and Michael Palij · 1989
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Catastrophic interference in connectionist networks: The sequential learning problem
Michael McCloskey and Neal J Cohen · 1989
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Connectionist models of recognition memory: constraints imposed by learning and forgetting functions
Roger Ratcliff · 1990
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Lifetime maintenance of high school mathematics content
Harry P Bahrick and Lynda K Hall · 1991
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On the very long-term retention of knowledge acquired through formal education: Twelve years of cognitive psychology
Martin A Conway, Gillian Cohen, and Nicola Stanhope · 1991
Cited alongside, same era.
A review of the tip-of-the-tongue experience
AS Brown · 1991
Cited alongside, same era.
Learning to control fast-weight memories: An alternative to dynamic recurrent networks
Jürgen Schmidhuber · 1992
Cited alongside, same era.
What determines initial feeling of knowing? familiarity with question terms, not with the answer
Lynne M Reder and Frank E Ritter · 1992
Cited alongside, same era.
Cue familiarity but not target retrievability enhances feeling-of-knowing judgments
BL Schwartz and J Metcalfe · 1992
Cited alongside, same era.
Mapping of a non-spatial dimension by the hippocampal–entorhinal circuit
Dmitriy Aronov, Rhino Nevers, and David W Tank · 2017
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Trial-by-trial hippocampal encoding activation predicts the fidelity of cortical reinstatement during subsequent retrieval
Jared F Danker, Alexa Tompary, and Lila Davachi · 2017
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Chemogenetic interrogation of a brain-wide fear memory network in mice
Gisella Vetere, Justin W Kenney, Lina M Tran, Frances Xia, Patrick E Steadman, John Parkinson, Sheena A Josselyn, and Paul W Frankland · 2017
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Overlap among spatial memories triggers repulsion of hippocampal representations
Avi JH Chanales, Ashima Oza, Serra E Favila, and Brice A Kuhl · 2017
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Short-term memory and long-term memory are still different
D Norris · 2017
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JL McClelland, BL McNaughton, and RC O’Reilly · 1995
Cited alongside, same era.
How big is human memory, or on being just useful enough
Y Dudai · 1997
Cited alongside, same era.
The MNIST database of handwritten digits
Yann LeCun, Corinna Cortes, and Christopher JC Burges · 1998
Cited alongside, same era.
Syndromes of retrograde amnesia: a conceptual and empirical synthesis
N Kapur · 1999
Cited alongside, same era.
Episodic memory: new insights from the study of semantic dementia
Kim S Graham, Karalyn Patterson, and John R Hodges · 1999
Cited alongside, same era.
Catastrophic forgetting in connectionist networks
Robert M French · 1999
Cited alongside, same era.
Learning with Kernels: Support Vector Machines, Regularization, Optimization, and Beyond
B Schölkopf · 2002
Cited alongside, same era.
Dheeraj S Roy, Shruti Muralidhar, Lillian M Smith, and Susumu Tonegawa · 2017
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Fashion-MNIST: a novel image dataset for benchmarking machine learning algorithms
Han Xiao, Kashif Rasul, and Roland Vollgraf · 2017
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Dissociable effects of surprising rewards on learning and memory
N Rouhani, KA Norman, and Y Niv · 2018
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Transformer dissection: An unified understanding for transformer’s attention via the lens of kernel
Yao-Hung Hubert Tsai, Shaojie Bai, Makoto Yamada, Louis-Philippe Morency, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov · 2019
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Correlation structure of grid cells is preserved during sleep
Richard J Gardner, Li Lu, Tanja Wernle, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard I Moser · 2019
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Grid cell co-activity patterns during sleep reflect spatial overlap of grid fields during active behaviors
Sean G Trettel, John B Trimper, Ernie Hwaun, Ila R Fiete, and Laura Lee Colgin · 2019
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Coordinated representational reinstatement in the human hippocampus and lateral temporal cortex during episodic memory retrieval
D Pacheco Estefan, Martí Sánchez-Fibla, Armin Duff, Alessandro Principe, Rodrigo Rocamora, Hui Zhang, Nikolai Axmacher, and Paul FMJ Verschure · 2019
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PyTorch: An imperative style, high-performance deep learning library
Adam Paszke, Sam Gross, Francisco Massa, Adam Lerer, James Bradbury, Gregory Chanan, Trevor Killeen, Zeming Lin, Natalia Gimelshein, Luca Antiga, Alban Desmaison, Andreas Köpf, Edward Z. Yang, Zachary DeVito, Martin Raison, Alykhan Tejani, Sasank Chilamkurthy, Benoit Steiner, Lu Fang, Junjie Bai, and Soumith Chintala · 2019
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H-mem: Harnessing synaptic plasticity with hebbian memory networks
Thomas Limbacher and Robert Legenstein · 2020
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Transformers are RNNs: Fast autoregressive transformers with linear attention
Angelos Katharopoulos, Apoorv Vyas, Nikolaos Pappas, and François Fleuret · 2020
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Backpropagation and the brain
Timothy P Lillicrap, Adam Santoro, Luke Marris, Colin J Akerman, and Geoffrey Hinton · 2020
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The Tolman-Eichenbaum machine: unifying space and relational memory through generalization in the hippocampal formation
James CR Whittington, Timothy H Muller, Shirley Mark, Guifen Chen, Caswell Barry, Neil Burgess, and Timothy EJ Behrens · 2020
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Learning to encode position for transformer with continuous dynamical model
Xuanqing Liu, Hsiang-Fu Yu, Inderjit Dhillon, and Cho-Jui Hsieh · 2020
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Overparameterized neural networks implement associative memory
Adityanarayanan Radhakrishnan, Mikhail Belkin, and Caroline Uhler · 2020
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Dissociating memory accessibility and precision in forgetting
Sam C Berens, Blake A Richards, and Aidan J Horner · 2020
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The truth is out there: Accuracy in recall of verifiable real-world events
Nicholas B Diamond, Michael J Armson, and Brian Levine · 2020
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An integrated index: engrams, place cells, and hippocampal memory
Travis D Goode, Kazumasa Z Tanaka, Amar Sahay, and Thomas J McHugh · 2020
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Failures of memory and the fate of forgotten memories
Ralph R Miller · 2021
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Transformer feed-forward layers are key-value memories
Mor Geva, Roei Schuster, Jonathan Berant, and Omer Levy · 2021
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Linear transformers are secretly fast weight programmers
Imanol Schlag, Kazuki Irie, and Jürgen Schmidhuber · 2021
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Rethinking attention with performers
Krzysztof Marcin Choromanski, Valerii Likhosherstov, David Dohan, Xingyou Song, Andreea Gane, Tamas Sarlos, Peter Hawkins, Jared Quincy Davis, Afroz Mohiuddin, Lukasz Kaiser, David Benjamin Belanger, Lucy J Colwell, and Adrian Weller · 2021
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Random feature attention
Hao Peng, Nikolaos Pappas, Dani Yogatama, Roy Schwartz, Noah A Smith, and Lingpeng Kong · 2021
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Hopfield networks is all you need
Hubert Ramsauer, Bernhard Schäfl, Johannes Lehner, Philipp Seidl, Michael Widrich, Lukas Gruber, Markus Holzleitner, Thomas Adler, David Kreil, Michael K Kopp, Günter Klambauer, Johannes Brandstetter, and Sepp Hochreiter · 2021
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Mnemonic prediction errors promote detailed memories
Oded Bein, Natalie A Plotkin, and Lila Davachi · 2021
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Biological learning in key-value memory networks
Danil Tyulmankov, Ching Fang, Annapurna Vadaparty, and Guangyu Robert Yang · 2021
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Two case studies of very long-term retention
Ashleigh M Maxcey, Richard M Shiffrin, Denis Cousineau, and Richard C Atkinson · 2021
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Enhanced reinstatement of naturalistic event memories due to hippocampal-network-targeted stimulation
Melissa Hebscher, James E Kragel, Thorsten Kahnt, and Joel L Voss · 2021
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Abrupt hippocampal remapping signals resolution of memory interference
Guo Wanjia, Serra E Favila, Ghootae Kim, Robert J Molitor, and Brice A Kuhl · 2021
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The dual form of neural networks revisited: Connecting test time predictions to training patterns via spotlights of attention
Kazuki Irie, Róbert Csordás, and Jürgen Schmidhuber · 2022
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Universal Hopfield networks: A general framework for single-shot associative memory models
Beren Millidge, Tommaso Salvatori, Yuhang Song, Thomas Lukasiewicz, and Rafal Bogacz · 2022
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Relating transformers to models and neural representations of the hippocampal formation
James C. R. Whittington, Joseph Warren, and Tim E.J. Behrens · 2022
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Content addressable memory without catastrophic forgetting by heteroassociation with a fixed scaffold
Sugandha Sharma, Sarthak Chandra, and Ila Fiete · 2022
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Toroidal topology of population activity in grid cells
Richard J Gardner, Erik Hermansen, Marius Pachitariu, Yoram Burak, Nils A Baas, Benjamin A Dunn, May-Britt Moser, and Edvard I Moser · 2022
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Brain-wide mapping reveals that engrams for a single memory are distributed across multiple brain regions
Dheeraj S Roy, Young-Gyun Park, Minyoung E Kim, Ying Zhang, Sachie K Ogawa, Nicholas DiNapoli, Xinyi Gu, Jae H Cho, Heejin Choi, Lee Kamentsky, et al · 2022
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Sparse distributed memory is a continual learner
Trenton Bricken, Xander Davies, Deepak Singh, Dmitry Krotov, and Gabriel Kreiman · 2023
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Building transformers from neurons and astrocytes
Leo Kozachkov, Ksenia V Kastanenka, and Dmitry Krotov · 2023
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Physics of language models: Part 3.1, knowledge storage and extraction
Zeyuan Allen-Zhu and Yuanzhi Li · 2024
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Barcoding of episodic memories in the hippocampus of a food-caching bird
Selmaan N Chettih, Emily L Mackevicius, Stephanie Hale, and Dmitriy Aronov · 2024
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What have we learned about artificial intelligence from studying the brain?
Samuel J Gershman · 2024
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Episodic and associative memory from spatial scaffolds in the hippocampus
Sarthak Chandra, Sugandha Sharma, Rishidev Chaudhuri, and Ila Fiete · 2025
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