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In this report, we argue that there is a realistic possibility that some AI systems will be conscious and/or robustly agentic in the near future.
A Proposal for the Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, August 31, 1955
John McCarthy, Marvin L. Minsky, Nathaniel Rochester, and Claude E. Shannon · 1904
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Fine-tuning language models from human preferences, 2020
Daniel M. Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B. Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Christiano, and Geoffrey Irving · 1909
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Computing Machinery and Intelligence
A. M. Turing · 1950
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Psychological Predicates
Hilary Putnam · 1967
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Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person
Harry G. Frankfurt · 1971
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A Theory of Justice: Original Edition
John Rawls · 1971
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Mechanism and responsibility
D. C. Dennett · 1973
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What Is It Like to Be a Bat?
Thomas Nagel · 1974
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Anarchy, state, and utopia
Robert Nozick · 1974
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Two Distinctions in Goodness
Christine Korsgaard · 1983
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The end of life: euthanasia and morality
James Rachels · 1986
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Sensations: a defense of type materialism
Christopher S. Hill · 1991
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Me and My Life
Shelly Kagan · 1994
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On a confusion about a function of consciousness
Ned Block · 1995
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Mind children: the future of robot and human intelligence
Hans Moravec · 1995
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Intelligent agents: Theory and practice
Michael Wooldridge and Nicholas R. Jennings · 1995
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The conscious mind: in search of a fundamental theory
David J. Chalmers · 1996
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Taking Animals Seriously: Mental Life and Moral Status
David DeGrazia, editor · 1996
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Role of the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee in Monitoring Research
Nicholas H. Steneck · 1997
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Animal Consciousness, 2000
Colin Allen · 2000
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Multimodal Data Fusion based on the Global Workspace Theory, September 2020
Cong Bao, Zafeirios Fountas, Temitayo Olugbade, and Nadia Bianchi-Berthouze · 2001
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Robot Rights? Let’s Talk about Human Welfare Instead
Abeba Birhane and Jelle van Dijk · 2001
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Minds, Machines, and Molecules
T.D.P. Brunet and Marta Halina · 2004
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How Can We Construct a Science of Consciousness?
David J. Chalmers · 2004
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Free Will, Moral Responsibility, and Mechanism: Experiments on Folk Intuitions
Eddy Nahmias, D. Justin Coates, and Trevor Kvaran · 2004
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Is there a ‘social brain’? Lessons from eye-gaze following, joint attention, and autism
Diego Fernandez-Duque and Jodie A. Baird · 2005
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"Biographical Lives" Revisited and Extended
William Ruddick · 2005
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Animal Consciousness
Colin Allen and Michael Trestman · 2007
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Intricate ethics: rights, responsibilities, and permissible harm
F. M. Kamm · 2007
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Timescale bias in the attribution of mind
C.K. Morewedge, J. Preston, and D.M. Wegner · 2007
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Frontiers of justice: disability, nationality, species membership
Martha Craven Nussbaum · 2007
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Ethics and the environment: an introduction
Dale Jamieson · 2008
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Mindreading in the Animal Kingdom
Jose Luis Bermúdez · 2009
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Comparing the major theories of consciousness
Ned Block · 2009
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A Language of Baboon Thought
Elisabeth Camp · 2009
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Self-awareness in animals
David DeGrazia · 2009
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Animals, Consciousness, and I-Thoughts
Rocco J. Gennaro · 2009
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Moral significance of phenomenal consciousness
Neil Levy and Julian Savulescu · 2009
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Do fish feel pain?
Victoria Braithwaite · 2010
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Robots should be slaves
Joanna J. Bryson · 2010
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The role of meat consumption in the denial of moral status and mind to meat animals
Steve Loughnan, Nick Haslam, and Brock Bastian · 2010
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Artificial intelligence: a modern approach
Stuart J. Russell, Peter Norvig, and Ernest Davis · 2010
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The Folk Psychology of Consciousness
Adam Arico, Brian Fiala, Robert F. Goldberg, and Shaun Nichols · 2011
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Contractualism and animals
Peter Carruthers · 2011
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Ethical extensionism under uncertainty of sentience: duties to non-human organisms without drawing a line
Kai Chan · 2011
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Practical ethics
Peter Singer · 2011
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Risks of Astronomical Future Suffering
Brian Tomasik · 2011
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Imitating Interactive Intelligence, January 2021
Josh Abramson, Arun Ahuja, Iain Barr, Arthur Brussee, Federico Carnevale, Mary Cassin, Rachita Chhaparia, Stephen Clark, Bogdan Damoc, Andrew Dudzik, Petko Georgiev, Aurelia Guy, Tim Harley, Felix Hill, Alden Hung, Zachary Kenton, Jessica Landon, Timothy Lillicrap, Kory Mathewson, Soňa Mokrá, Alistair Muldal, Adam Santoro, Nikolay Savinov, Vikrant Varma, Greg Wayne, Duncan Williams, Nathaniel Wong, Chen Yan, and Rui Zhu · 2012
Earlier work this paper cites.
The machine question: critical perspectives on AI, robots, and ethics
David J. Gunkel · 2012
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On justifying neurobiologicalism for consciousness
Brian P. McLaughlin · 2012
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Goals and habits in the brain
Ray J. Dolan and Peter Dayan · 2013
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Desire-satisfaction and Welfare as Temporal
Dale Dorsey · 2013
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Get the Latest Upgrade: Functionalism 6.3.1
Corey Maley and Gualtiero Piccinini · 2013
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On What Matters, Volume One
Derek Parfit · 2013
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The Thought Experiments are Rigged: Mechanistic Understanding Inhibits Mentalistic Understanding (as Adleberg, T.), August 2013
Toni Sims · 2013
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The Animal Mind: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Animal Cognition
Kristin Andrews · 2014
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Superintelligence: paths, dangers, strategies
Nick Bostrom · 2014
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Inferring the goals of a nonhuman agent
Susan C Johnson, Amy Booth, and Kirsten O’Hearn · 2014
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Machines and the Moral Community
Erica L. Neely · 2014
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Supra-personal cognitive control and metacognition
Nicholas Shea, Annika Boldt, Dan Bang, Nick Yeung, Cecilia Heyes, and Chris D. Frith · 2014
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Defining and assessing animal pain
Lynne U. Sneddon, Robert W. Elwood, Shelley A. Adamo, and Matthew C. Leach · 2014
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Human-animal amity and reciprocity
Marcel Wissenburg · 2014
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Desire-fulfillment theory
Chris Heathwood · 2015
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Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning
Volodymyr Mnih, Koray Kavukcuoglu, David Silver, Andrei A. Rusu, Joel Veness, Marc G. Bellemare, Alex Graves, Martin Riedmiller, Andreas K. Fidjeland, Georg Ostrovski, Stig Petersen, Charles Beattie, Amir Sadik, Ioannis Antonoglou, Helen King, Dharshan Kumaran, Daan Wierstra, Shane Legg, and Demis Hassabis · 2015
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A Defense of the Rights of Artificial Intelligences
Eric Schwitzgebel and Mara Garza · 2015
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Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Richard S Sutton and Andrew G Barto · 2015
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Synthetic consciousness: the distributed adaptive control perspective
Paul F. M. J. Verschure · 2015
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The Three Rs of Animal Research: What they Mean for the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee and Why
Howard J. Curzer, Gad Perry, Mark C. Wallace, and Dan Perry · 2016
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Altruists Should Prioritize Artificial Intelligence, December 2016
Lukas Gloor · 2016
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Other minds: the octopus, the sea, and the deep origins of consciousness
Peter Godfrey-Smith · 2016
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Phenomenal Consciousness, Defined and Defended as Innocently as I Can Manage
E. Schwitzgebel · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
Tense Bees and Shell-Shocked Crabs: Are Animals Conscious?
Michael Tye · 2016
Cited alongside, same era.
Animal sentience and the precautionary principle
Jonathan Birch · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
The Attention Schema Theory: A Foundation for Engineering Artificial Consciousness
Michael S. A. Graziano · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
Conscious animals and the value of experience
Lori Gruen · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
Agency and Moral Status
Jeff Sebo · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
Chimpanzee Rights: The Philosophers’ Brief
Kristin Andrews, Gary Comstock, G.K.D. Crozier, Sue Donaldson, Andrew Fenton, Tyler John, L. Syd M. Johnson, Robert Jones, Will Kymlicka, Letitia Meynell, Nathan Nobis, David Pena-Guzman, and Jeff Sebo · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
To understand AI sentience, first understand it in animals | Aeon Essays
Kristin Andrews and Jonathan Birch · 2023
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The border between seeing and thinking
Ned Block · 2023
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Philosophers on Philosophy: The 2020 Philpapers Survey
David Bourget and David J. Chalmers · 2023
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Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness, August 2023
Patrick Butlin, Robert Long, Eric Elmoznino, Yoshua Bengio, Jonathan Birch, Axel Constant, George Deane, Stephen M. Fleming, Chris Frith, Xu Ji, Ryota Kanai, Colin Klein, Grace Lindsay, Matthias Michel, Liad Mudrik, Megan A. K. Peters, Eric Schwitzgebel, Jonathan Simon, and Rufin VanRullen · 2023
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Existential Risk from Power-Seeking AI
Joe Carlsmith · 2023
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The meta-problem of consciousness
David Chalmers · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
When is unaligned AI morally valuable?, July 2018
Paul Christiano · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Fellow Creatures: Our Obligations to the Other Animals
Christine Korsgaard · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Non-Computational Functionalism: Computation and the Function of Consciousness
Gualtiero Piccinini · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Food, animals, and the environment: an ethical approach
Christopher Schlottmann and Jeff Sebo · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
The Moral Problem of Other Minds
Jeff Sebo · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Matteo Colombo and Gualtiero Piccinini · 2023
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Continuous doesn’t mean slow, April 2023
Tom Davidson · 2023
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Towards Next-Generation Intelligent Assistants Leveraging LLM Techniques
Xin Luna Dong, Seungwhan Moon, Yifan Ethan Xu, Kshitiz Malik, and Zhou Yu · 2023
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How to deal with risks of AI suffering
Leonard Dung · 2023
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Rewarding Chatbots for Real-World Engagement with Millions of Users, March 2023
Robert Irvine, Douglas Boubert, Vyas Raina, Adian Liusie, Ziyi Zhu, Vineet Mudupalli, Aliaksei Korshuk, Zongyi Liu, Fritz Cremer, Valentin Assassi, Christie-Carol Beauchamp, Xiaoding Lu, Thomas Rialan, and William Beauchamp · 2023
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Discovering agents
Zachary Kenton, Ramana Kumar, Sebastian Farquhar, Jonathan Richens, Matt MacDermott, and Tom Everitt · 2023
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Augmented Language Models: a Survey, February 2023
Grégoire Mialon, Roberto Dessì, Maria Lomeli, Christoforos Nalmpantis, Ram Pasunuru, Roberta Raileanu, Baptiste Rozière, Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Asli Celikyilmaz, Edouard Grave, Yann LeCun, and Thomas Scialom · 2023
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Generative Agents: Interactive Simulacra of Human Behavior
Joon Sung Park, Joseph O’Brien, Carrie Jun Cai, Meredith Ringel Morris, Percy Liang, and Michael S. Bernstein · 2023
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Towards Evaluating AI Systems for Moral Status Using Self-Reports, November 2023
Ethan Perez and Robert Long · 2023
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Sentientism, Motivation, and Philosophical Vulcans
Luke Roelofs · 2023
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The Coming Robot Rights Catastrophe | Blog of the APA, 2023a
Eric Schwitzgebel · 2023
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Moral consideration for AI systems by 2030
Jeff Sebo and Robert Long · 2023
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Why Conscious AI Is a Bad, Bad Idea
Anil Seth · 2023
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Reflexion: Language Agents with Verbal Reinforcement Learning, October 2023
Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Edward Berman, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao · 2023
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Human-timescale adaptation in an open-ended task space, 2023
Adaptive Agent Team, Jakob Bauer, Kate Baumli, Satinder Baveja, Feryal Behbahani, Avishkar Bhoopchand, Nathalie Bradley-Schmieg, Michael Chang, Natalie Clay, Adrian Collister, Vibhavari Dasagi, Lucy Gonzalez, Karol Gregor, Edward Hughes, Sheleem Kashem, Maria Loks-Thompson, Hannah Openshaw, Jack Parker-Holder, Shreya Pathak, Nicolas Perez-Nieves, Nemanja Rakicevic, Tim Rocktäschel, Yannick Schroecker, Jakub Sygnowski, Karl Tuyls, Sarah York, Alexander Zacherl, and Lei Zhang · 2023
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Voyager: An Open-Ended Embodied Agent with Large Language Models, October 2023
Guanzhi Wang, Yuqi Xie, Yunfan Jiang, Ajay Mandlekar, Chaowei Xiao, Yuke Zhu, Linxi Fan, and Anima Anandkumar · 2023
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Examples of AI Improving AI
Thomas Woodside · 2023
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ReAct: Synergizing Reasoning and Acting in Language Models, March 2023
Shunyu Yao, Jeffrey Zhao, Dian Yu, Nan Du, Izhak Shafran, Karthik Narasimhan, and Yuan Cao · 2023
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Microsoft Copilot Studio: Building copilots with agent capabilities, May 2024
Omar Aftab · 2024
Closest in time.
A Grading Rubric for AI Safety Frameworks, September 2024
Jide Alaga, Jonas Schuett, and Markus Anderljung · 2024
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Introducing computer use, a new Claude 3.5 Sonnet, and Claude 3.5 Haiku, 2024
Anthropic · 2024
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Tests for consciousness in humans and beyond
Tim Bayne, Anil K. Seth, Marcello Massimini, Joshua Shepherd, Axel Cleeremans, Stephen M. Fleming, Rafael Malach, Jason B. Mattingley, David K. Menon, Adrian M. Owen, Megan A. K. Peters, Adeel Razi, and Liad Mudrik · 2024
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Looking Inward: Language Models Can Learn About Themselves by Introspection, October 2024
Felix J. Binder, James Chua, Tomek Korbak, Henry Sleight, John Hughes, Robert Long, Ethan Perez, Miles Turpin, and Owain Evans · 2024
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The edge of sentience: risk and precaution in humans, other animals, and AI
Jonathan Birch · 2024
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The Checklist: What Succeeding at AI Safety Will Involve - Sam Bowman, September 2024
Samuel R. Bowman · 2024
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AI Alignment vs. AI Ethical Treatment: Ten Challenges
Adam Bradley and Bradford Saad · 2024
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The AI Bambi Effect, September 2024
Rosie Campbell · 2024
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Research scientist, machine learning and cognition
Google Careers · 2024
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Folk psychological attributions of consciousness to large language models
Clara Colombatto and Stephen M. Fleming · 2024
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Ai achieves silver-medal standard solving international mathematical olympiad problems
Google DeepMind · 2024
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Against sentientism
Nicolas Delon · 2024
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Design and evaluation of a global workspace agent embodied in a realistic multimodal environment
Rousslan Fernand Julien Dossa, Kai Arulkumaran, Arthur Juliani, Shuntaro Sasai, and Ryota Kanai · 2024
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Preserving the Normative Significance of Sentience
Leonard Dung · 2024
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The Ethics of Advanced AI Assistants, April 2024
Iason Gabriel, Arianna Manzini, Geoff Keeling, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Verena Rieser, Hasan Iqbal, Nenad Tomašev, Ira Ktena, Zachary Kenton, Mikel Rodriguez, Seliem El-Sayed, Sasha Brown, Canfer Akbulut, Andrew Trask, Edward Hughes, A. Stevie Bergman, Renee Shelby, Nahema Marchal, Conor Griffin, Juan Mateos-Garcia, Laura Weidinger, Winnie Street, Benjamin Lange, Alex Ingerman, Alison Lentz, Reed Enger, Andrew Barakat, Victoria Krakovna, John Oliver Siy, Zeb Kurth-Nelson, Amanda McCroskery, Vijay Bolina, Harry Law, Murray Shanahan, Lize Alberts, Borja Balle, Sarah de Haas, Yetunde Ibitoye, Allan Dafoe, Beth Goldberg, Sébastien Krier, Alexander Reese, Sims Witherspoon, Will Hawkins, Maribeth Rauh, Don Wallace, Matija Franklin, Josh A. Goldstein, Joel Lehman, Michael Klenk, Shannon Vallor, Courtney Biles, Meredith Ringel Morris, Helen King, Blaise Agüera y Arcas, William Isaac, and James Manyika · 2024
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Rlef: Grounding code llms in execution feedback with reinforcement learning, 2024
Jonas Gehring, Kunhao Zheng, Jade Copet, Vegard Mella, Taco Cohen, and Gabriel Synnaeve · 2024
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AI ethics discourse: a call to embrace complexity, interdisciplinarity, and epistemic humility
Joshua C. Gellers · 2024
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Inferring Consciousness in Phylogenetically Distant Organisms
Peter Godfrey-Smith · 2024
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A Case for AI Consciousness: Language Agents and Global Workspace Theory
Simon Goldstein and Cameron Dominico Kirk-Giannini · 2024
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Does ChatGPT Have a Mind?, June 2024
Simon Goldstein and Benjamin A. Levinstein · 2024
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Large Language Model based Multi-Agents: A Survey of Progress and Challenges, April 2024
Taicheng Guo, Xiuying Chen, Yaqi Wang, Ruidi Chang, Shichao Pei, Nitesh V. Chawla, Olaf Wiest, and Xiangliang Zhang · 2024
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Naturalizing relevance realization: why agency and cognition are fundamentally not computational
Johannes Jaeger, Anna Riedl, Alex Djedovic, John Vervaeke, and Denis Walsh · 2024
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What would qualify an artificial intelligence for moral standing?
Ali Ladak · 2024
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Can philosophy help us get a grip on the consequences of AI? | Aeon Essays
Seth Lazar · 2024
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Objective-Driven AI: Towards AI systems that can learn, remember, reason, and plan, March 2024
Yann LeCun · 2024
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Consciousness Ain’t All That
Neil Levy · 2024
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No, Today’s AI Isn’t Sentient. Here’s How We Know
Fei Fei Li and John Etchemedy · 2024
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Experts Who Say That AI Welfare is a Serious Near-term Possibility, September 2024
Robert Long · 2024
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Levels of AGI for Operationalizing Progress on the Path to AGI, June 2024
Meredith Ringel Morris, Jascha Sohl-dickstein, Noah Fiedel, Tris Warkentin, Allan Dafoe, Aleksandra Faust, Clement Farabet, and Shane Legg · 2024
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Justice for Animals
Martha Nussbaum · 2024
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The Belmont Report
Office for Human Research Protections · 2024
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Moschoula Pternea, Prerna Singh, Abir Chakraborty, Yagna Oruganti, Mirco Milletari, Sayli Bapat, and Kebei Jiang · 2024
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Observational scaling laws and the predictability of language model performance, 2024
Yangjun Ruan, Chris J. Maddison, and Tatsunori Hashimoto · 2024
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AI Rights for Human Safety, August 2024
Peter Salib and Simon Goldstein · 2024
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Emergent Spacetime, the Megastructure Problem, and the Metaphysics of the Self
Susan Schneider · 2024
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Conscious artificial intelligence and biological naturalism, June 2024
Anil Seth · 2024
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Can ai scaling continue through 2030?, 2024
Jaime Sevilla, Tamay Besiroglu, Ben Cottier, Josh You, Edu Roldán, Pablo Villalobos, and Ege Erdil · 2024
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Functionalism, Integrity, and Digital Consciousness
Derek Shiller · 2024
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Cognitive Architectures for Language Agents, March 2024
Theodore R. Sumers, Shunyu Yao, Karthik Narasimhan, and Thomas L. Griffiths · 2024
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Through the Chat Window and Into the Real World: Preparing for AI Agents
Helen Toner, John Bansemer, Kyle Crichton, Matthew Burtell, Thomas Woodside, Anat Lior, Andrew Lohn, Ashwin Acharya, Beba Cibralic, Chris Painter, Cullen O’Keefe, Iason Gabriel, Kathleen Fisher, Ketan Ramakrishnan, Krystal Jackson, Noam Kolt, Rebecca Crootof, and Samrat Chattergee · 2024
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Introduction to AI Safety, Ethics, and Society
Dan Hendrycks · 2025
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The Moral Circle
Jeff Sebo · 2025
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Consciousness matters: phenomenal experience has functional value
Axel Cleeremans and Catherine Tallon-Baudry · 2057
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An academic survey on theoretical foundations, common assumptions and the current state of consciousness science
Jolien C Francken, Lola Beerendonk, Dylan Molenaar, Johannes J Fahrenfort, Julian D Kiverstein, Anil K Seth, and Simon Van Gaal · 2057
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Anthropomorphism and Anthropodenial: Consistency in Our Thinking about Humans and Other Animals
Frans B. M. de Waal · 2080
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A survey on large language model based autonomous agents
Lei Wang, Chen Ma, Xueyang Feng, Zeyu Zhang, Hao Yang, Jingsen Zhang, Zhiyuan Chen, Jiakai Tang, Xu Chen, Yankai Lin, Wayne Xin Zhao, Zhewei Wei, and Jirong Wen · 2095
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