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Web browsers are a portal to the internet, where much of human activity is undertaken.
Reinforcement learning for mapping instructions to actions
S.R.K. Branavan, Harr Chen, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Regina Barzilay. 2009 · 2009
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World of bits: An open-domain platform for web-based agents
Tianlin Shi, Andrej Karpathy, Linxi Fan, Jonathan Hernandez, and Percy Liang. 2017 · 2017
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Reinforcement learning on web interfaces using workflow-guided exploration
Evan Zheran Liu, Kelvin Guu, Panupong Pasupat, and Percy Liang. 2018 · 2018
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Application programming interface documentation: What do software developers want?
Michael Meng, Stephanie Steinhardt, and Andreas Schubert. 2018 · 2018
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Mapping natural language instructions to mobile UI action sequences
Yang Li, Jiacong He, Xin Zhou, Yuan Zhang, and Jason Baldridge. 2020 · 2020
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Grounding open-domain instructions to automate web support tasks
Nancy Xu, Sam Masling, Michael Du, Giovanni Campagna, Larry Heck, James Landay, and Monica Lam. 2021 · 2021
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A dataset for interactive vision-language navigation with unknown command feasibility
Andrea Burns, Deniz Arsan, Sanjna Agrawal, Ranjitha Kumar, Kate Saenko, and Bryan A. Plummer. 2022 · 2022
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Webshop: Towards scalable real-world web interaction with grounded language agents
Shunyu Yao, Howard Chen, John Yang, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2022 · 2022
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Mind2web: Towards a generalist agent for the web
Xiang Deng, Yu Gu, Boyuan Zheng, Shijie Chen, Samuel Stevens, Boshi Wang, Huan Sun, and Yu Su. 2023 · 2023
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Cogagent: A visual language model for gui agents
Wenyi Hong, Weihan Wang, Qingsong Lv, Jiazheng Xu, Wenmeng Yu, Junhui Ji, Yan Wang, Zihan Wang, Yuxuan Zhang, Juanzi Li, Bin Xu, Yuxiao Dong, Ming Ding, and Jie Tang. 2023 · 2023
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Agentbench: Evaluating llms as agents
Xiao Liu, Hao Yu, Hanchen Zhang, Yifan Xu, Xuanyu Lei, Hanyu Lai, Yu Gu, Hangliang Ding, Kaiwen Men, Kejuan Yang, Shudan Zhang, Xiang Deng, Aohan Zeng, Zhengxiao Du, Chenhui Zhang, Sheng Shen, Tianjun Zhang, Yu Su, Huan Sun, Minlie Huang, Yuxiao Dong, and Jie Tang. 2023 · 2023
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Gorilla: Large language model connected with massive apis
Shishir G. Patil, Tianjun Zhang, Xin Wang, and Joseph E. Gonzalez. 2023 · 2023
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Toolllm: Facilitating large language models to master 16000+ real-world apis
Yujia Qin, Shihao Liang, Yining Ye, Kunlun Zhu, Lan Yan, Yaxi Lu, Yankai Lin, Xin Cong, Xiangru Tang, Bill Qian, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Androidinthewild: A large-scale dataset for android device control
Christopher Rawles, Alice Li, Daniel Rodriguez, Oriana Riva, and Timothy P Lillicrap. 2023 · 2023
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Webshop: Towards scalable real-world web interaction with grounded language agents
Shunyu Yao, Howard Chen, John Yang, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Appagent: Multimodal agents as smartphone users
Chi Zhang, Zhao Yang, Jiaxuan Liu, Yucheng Han, Xin Chen, Zebiao Huang, Bin Fu, and Gang Yu. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Enigma: Enhanced interactive generative model agent for ctf challenges
Talor Abramovich, Meet Udeshi, Minghao Shao, Kilian Lieret, Haoran Xi, Kimberly Milner, Sofija Jancheska, John Yang, Carlos E. Jimenez, Farshad Khorrami, Prashanth Krishnamurthy, Brendan Dolan-Gavitt, Muhammad Shafique, Karthik Narasimhan, Ramesh Karri, and Ofir Press. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Visibility into ai agents
Alan Chan, Carson Ezell, Max Kaufmann, Kevin Wei, Lewis Hammond, Herbie Bradley, Emma Bluemke, Nitarshan Rajkumar, David Krueger, Noam Kolt, et al. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Autonomous evaluation and refinement of digital agents
Jiayi Pan, Yichi Zhang, Nicholas Tomlin, Yifei Zhou, Sergey Levine, and Alane Suhr. 2024 · 2024
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Personagym: Evaluating persona agents and llms
Vinay Samuel, Henry Peng Zou, Yue Zhou, Shreyas Chaudhari, Ashwin Kalyan, Tanmay Rajpurohit, Ameet Deshpande, Karthik Narasimhan, and Vishvak Murahari. 2024 · 2024
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Shortcutsbench: A large-scale real-world benchmark for api-based agents
Haiyang Shen, Yue Li, Desong Meng, Dongqi Cai, Sheng Qi, Li Zhang, Mengwei Xu, and Yun Ma. 2024 · 2024
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Step: Stacked llm policies for web actions
Paloma Sodhi, SRK Branavan, Yoav Artzi, and Ryan McDonald. 2024 · 2024
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Trial and error: Exploration-based trajectory optimization of LLM agents
Yifan Song, Da Yin, Xiang Yue, Jie Huang, Sujian Li, and Bill Yuchen Lin. 2024 · 2024
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Agent-FLAN: Designing data and methods of effective agent tuning for large language models
Zehui Chen, Kuikun Liu, Qiuchen Wang, Wenwei Zhang, Jiangning Liu, Dahua Lin, Kai Chen, and Feng Zhao. 2024b · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Anytool: Self-reflective, hierarchical agents for large-scale api calls
Yu Du, Fangyun Wei, and Hongyang Zhang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
An interactive agent foundation model
Zane Durante, Bidipta Sarkar, Ran Gong, Rohan Taori, Yusuke Noda, Paul Tang, Ehsan Adeli, Shrinidhi Kowshika Lakshmikanth, Kevin Schulman, Arnold Milstein, Demetri Terzopoulos, Ade Famoti, Noboru Kuno, Ashley Llorens, Hoi Vo, Katsu Ikeuchi, Li Fei-Fei, Jianfeng Gao, Naoki Wake, and Qiuyuan Huang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Autoguide: Automated generation and selection of context-aware guidelines for large language model agents
Yao Fu, Dong-Ki Kim, Jaekyeom Kim, Sungryull Sohn, Lajanugen Logeswaran, Kyunghoon Bae, and Honglak Lee. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Middleware for llms: Tools are instrumental for language agents in complex environments
Yu Gu, Yiheng Shu, Hao Yu, Xiao Liu, Yuxiao Dong, Jie Tang, Jayanth Srinivasa, Hugo Latapie, and Yu Su. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
A real-world webagent with planning, long context understanding, and program synthesis
Izzeddin Gur, Hiroki Furuta, Austin V Huang, Mustafa Safdari, Yutaka Matsuo, Douglas Eck, and Aleksandra Faust. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Position paper: Agent ai towards a holistic intelligence
Qiuyuan Huang, Naoki Wake, Bidipta Sarkar, Zane Durante, Ran Gong, Rohan Taori, Yusuke Noda, Demetri Terzopoulos, Noboru Kuno, Ade Famoti, Ashley Llorens, John Langford, Hoi Vo, Li Fei-Fei, Katsu Ikeuchi, and Jianfeng Gao. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Autowebglm: A large language model-based web navigating agent
Hanyu Lai, Xiao Liu, Iat Long Iong, Shuntian Yao, Yuxuan Chen, Pengbo Shen, Hao Yu, Hanchen Zhang, Xiaohan Zhang, Yuxiao Dong, and Jie Tang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Codeagent: Autonomous communicative agents for code review
Xunzhu Tang, Kisub Kim, Yewei Song, Cedric Lothritz, Bei Li, Saad Ezzini, Haoye Tian, Jacques Klein, and Tegawende F. Bissyande. 2024 · 2024
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AppWorld: A controllable world of apps and people for benchmarking interactive coding agents
Harsh Trivedi, Tushar Khot, Mareike Hartmann, Ruskin Manku, Vinty Dong, Edward Li, Shashank Gupta, Ashish Sabharwal, and Niranjan Balasubramanian. 2024 · 2024
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Osworld: Benchmarking multimodal agents for open-ended tasks in real computer environments
Tianbao Xie, Danyang Zhang, Jixuan Chen, Xiaochuan Li, Siheng Zhao, Ruisheng Cao, Toh Jing Hua, Zhoujun Cheng, Dongchan Shin, Fangyu Lei, Yitao Liu, Yiheng Xu, Shuyan Zhou, Silvio Savarese, Caiming Xiong, Victor Zhong, and Tao Yu. 2024 · 2024
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Ferret-ui: Grounded mobile ui understanding with multimodal llms
Keen You, Haotian Zhang, Eldon Schoop, Floris Weers, Amanda Swearngin, Jeffrey Nichols, Yinfei Yang, and Zhe Gan. 2024 · 2024
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Easytool: Enhancing llm-based agents with concise tool instruction
Siyu Yuan, Kaitao Song, Jiangjie Chen, Xu Tan, Yongliang Shen, Ren Kan, Dongsheng Li, and Deqing Yang. 2024 · 2024
Closest in time.
Kechi Zhang, Jia Li, Ge Li, Xianjie Shi, and Zhi Jin. 2024 · 2024
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Gpt-4v(ision) is a generalist web agent, if grounded
Boyuan Zheng, Boyu Gou, Jihyung Kil, Huan Sun, and Yu Su. 2024 · 2024
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Webarena: A realistic web environment for building autonomous agents
Shuyan Zhou, Frank F. Xu, Hao Zhu, Xuhui Zhou, Robert Lo, Abishek Sridhar, Xianyi Cheng, Tianyue Ou, Yonatan Bisk, Daniel Fried, Uri Alon, and Graham Neubig. 2024 · 2024
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Skillweaver: Web agents can self-improve by discovering and honing skills
Boyuan Zheng, Michael Y Fatemi, Xiaolong Jin, Zora Zhiruo Wang, Apurva Gandhi, Yueqi Song, Yu Gu, Jayanth Srinivasa, Gaowen Liu, Graham Neubig, et al. 2025 · 2025
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