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As the field of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) continues to evolve, their potential to revolutionize artificial intelligence is particularly promising, especially in addressing mathematical reasoning tasks.
Mathqa: Towards interpretable math word problem solving with operation-based formalisms
Aida Amini, Saadia Gabriel, Peter Lin, Rik Koncel-Kedziorski, Yejin Choi, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2019 · 1905
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2001
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Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments
Fred Paas, Alexander Renkl, and John Sweller. 2010 · 2010
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Geoqa: A geometric question answering benchmark towards multimodal numerical reasoning
Jiaqi Chen, Jianheng Tang, Jinghui Qin, Xiaodan Liang, Lingbo Liu, Eric P Xing, and Liang Lin. 2021 · 2021
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, and 1 others. 2021 · 2021
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Measuring mathematical problem solving with the math dataset
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Saurav Kadavath, Akul Arora, Steven Basart, Eric Tang, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt. 2021 · 2021
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New generation deep learning for video object detection: A survey
Licheng Jiao, Ruohan Zhang, Fang Liu, Shuyuan Yang, Biao Hou, Lingling Li, and Xu Tang. 2021 · 2021
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Raise a child in large language model: Towards effective and generalizable fine-tuning
Runxin Xu, Fuli Luo, Zhiyuan Zhang, Chuanqi Tan, Baobao Chang, Songfang Huang, and Fei Huang. 2021 · 2021
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Visual representations in the human brain are aligned with large language models
Adrien Doerig, Tim C Kietzmann, Emily Allen, Yihan Wu, Thomas Naselaris, Kendrick Kay, and Ian Charest. 2022 · 2022
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Adafocal: Calibration-aware adaptive focal loss
Arindam Ghosh, Thomas Schaaf, and Matthew Gormley. 2022 · 2022
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Large language models are zero-shot reasoners
Takeshi Kojima, Shixiang Shane Gu, Machel Reid, Yutaka Matsuo, and Yusuke Iwasawa. 2022 · 2022
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Solving quantitative reasoning problems with language models
Aitor Lewkowycz, Anders Andreassen, David Dohan, Ethan Dyer, Henryk Michalewski, Vinay Ramasesh, Ambrose Slone, Cem Anil, Imanol Schlag, Theo Gutman-Solo, and 1 others. 2022 · 2022
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Generalized focal loss: Towards efficient representation learning for dense object detection
Xiang Li, Chengqi Lv, Wenhai Wang, Gang Li, Lingfeng Yang, and Jian Yang. 2022 · 2022
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A survey of deep learning for mathematical reasoning
Pan Lu, Liang Qiu, Wenhao Yu, Sean Welleck, and Kai-Wei Chang. 2022 · 2022
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Lila: A unified benchmark for mathematical reasoning
Swaroop Mishra, Matthew Finlayson, Pan Lu, Leonard Tang, Sean Welleck, Chitta Baral, Tanmay Rajpurohit, Oyvind Tafjord, Ashish Sabharwal, Peter Clark, and 1 others. 2022 · 2022
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Memorization without overfitting: Analyzing the training dynamics of large language models
Kushal Tirumala, Aram Markosyan, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Armen Aghajanyan. 2022 · 2022
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Complexity in declarative process models: Metrics and multi-modal assessment of cognitive load
Amine Abbad-Andaloussi, Andrea Burattin, Tijs Slaats, Ekkart Kindler, and Barbara Weber. 2023 · 2023
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Scaling laws for generative mixed-modal language models
Armen Aghajanyan, Lili Yu, Alexis Conneau, Wei-Ning Hsu, Karen Hambardzumyan, Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Omer Levy, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023 · 2023
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Qwen-vl: A versatile vision-language model for understanding, localization, text reading, and beyond
Jinze Bai, Shuai Bai, Shusheng Yang, Shijie Wang, Sinan Tan, Peng Wang, Junyang Lin, Chang Zhou, and Jingren Zhou. 2023 · 2023
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Turning large language models into cognitive models
Marcel Binz and Eric Schulz. 2023 · 2023
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Theoremqa: A theorem-driven question answering dataset
Wenhu Chen, Ming Yin, Max Ku, Pan Lu, Yixin Wan, Xueguang Ma, Jianyu Xu, Xinyi Wang, and Tony Xia. 2023a · 2023
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G-llava: Solving geometric problem with multi-modal large language model
Jiahui Gao, Renjie Pi, Jipeng Zhang, Jiacheng Ye, Wanjun Zhong, Yufei Wang, Lanqing Hong, Jianhua Han, Hang Xu, Zhenguo Li, and 1 others. 2023 · 2023
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Cheng-Yu Hsieh, Chun-Liang Li, Chih-Kuan Yeh, Hootan Nakhost, Yasuhisa Fujii, Alexander Ratner, Ranjay Krishna, Chen-Yu Lee, and Tomas Pfister. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Geomverse: A systematic evaluation of large models for geometric reasoning
Mehran Kazemi, Hamidreza Alvari, Ankit Anand, Jialin Wu, Xi Chen, and Radu Soricut. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Understanding the effects of rlhf on llm generalisation and diversity
Robert Kirk, Ishita Mediratta, Christoforos Nalmpantis, Jelena Luketina, Eric Hambro, Edward Grefenstette, and Roberta Raileanu. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Query and response augmentation cannot help out-of-domain math reasoning generalization
Chengpeng Li, Zheng Yuan, Hongyi Yuan, Guanting Dong, Keming Lu, Jiancan Wu, Chuanqi Tan, Xiang Wang, and Chang Zhou. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Visual instruction tuning
Haotian Liu, Chunyuan Li, Qingyang Wu, and Yong Jae Lee. 2023 · 2023
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OpenAI. 2023 · 2023
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Elementary math learning through piaget’s cognitive development stages
Annabelle Rabillas, Osias Kit Kilag, Neil Cañete, Maria Trazona, Mery Lou Calope, and Jacqueline Kilag. 2023 · 2023
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Cross-modal fine-tuning: Align then refine
Junhong Shen, Liam Li, Lucio M Dery, Corey Staten, Mikhail Khodak, Graham Neubig, and Ameet Talwalkar. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Detecting pretraining data from large language models
Weijia Shi, Anirudh Ajith, Mengzhou Xia, Yangsibo Huang, Daogao Liu, Terra Blevins, Danqi Chen, and Luke Zettlemoyer. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
How to bridge the gap between modalities: A comprehensive survey on multimodal large language model
Shezheng Song, Xiaopeng Li, and Shasha Li. 2023 · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Think-on-graph: Deep and responsible reasoning of large language model with knowledge graph
Jiashuo Sun, Chengjin Xu, Lumingyuan Tang, Saizhuo Wang, Chen Lin, Yeyun Gong, Heung-Yeung Shum, and Jian Guo. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Cogvlm: Visual expert for pretrained language models
Weihan Wang, Qingsong Lv, Wenmeng Yu, Wenyi Hong, Ji Qi, Yan Wang, Junhui Ji, Zhuoyi Yang, Lei Zhao, Xixuan Song, and 1 others. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Are deep neural networks adequate behavioral models of human visual perception?
Felix A Wichmann and Robert Geirhos. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
A survey of large language models
Wayne Xin Zhao, Kun Zhou, Junyi Li, Tianyi Tang, Xiaolei Wang, Yupeng Hou, Yingqian Min, Beichen Zhang, Junjie Zhang, Zican Dong, and 1 others. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Scieval: A multi-level large language model evaluation benchmark for scientific research
Liangtai Sun, Yang Han, Zihan Zhao, Da Ma, Zhennan Shen, Baocai Chen, Lu Chen, and Kai Yu. 2024 · 2024
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Qvq: To see the world with wisdom
Qwen Team. 2024 · 2024
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Solving olympiad geometry without human demonstrations
Trieu H Trinh, Yuhuai Wu, Quoc V Le, He He, and Thang Luong. 2024 · 2024
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Putnambench: Evaluating neural theorem-provers on the putnam mathematical competition
George Tsoukalas, Jasper Lee, John Jennings, Jimmy Xin, Michelle Ding, Michael Jennings, Amitayush Thakur, and Swarat Chaudhuri. 2024 · 2024
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Advances and challenges in meta-learning: A technical review
Anna Vettoruzzo, Mohamed-Rafik Bouguelia, Joaquin Vanschoren, Thorsteinn Rognvaldsson, and KC Santosh. 2024 · 2024
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Yutao Zhu, Huaying Yuan, Shuting Wang, Jiongnan Liu, Wenhan Liu, Chenlong Deng, Haonan Chen, Zhicheng Dou, and Ji-Rong Wen. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Object detection in 20 years: A survey
Zhengxia Zou, Keyan Chen, Zhenwei Shi, Yuhong Guo, and Jieping Ye. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Phi-3 technical report: A highly capable language model locally on your phone
Marah Abdin, Sam Ade Jacobs, Ammar Ahmad Awan, Jyoti Aneja, Ahmed Awadallah, Hany Awadalla, Nguyen Bach, Amit Bahree, Arash Bakhtiari, Harkirat Behl, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models for mathematical reasoning: Progresses and challenges
Janice Ahn, Rishu Verma, Renze Lou, Di Liu, Rui Zhang, and Wenpeng Yin. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Multi teacher privileged knowledge distillation for multimodal expression recognition
Muhammad Haseeb Aslam, Marco Pedersoli, Alessandro Lameiras Koerich, and Eric Granger. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Multi-task learning in natural language processing: An overview
Shijie Chen, Yu Zhang, and Qiang Yang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
A survey on multimodal large language models for autonomous driving
Can Cui, Yunsheng Ma, Xu Cao, Wenqian Ye, Yang Zhou, Kaizhao Liang, Jintai Chen, Juanwu Lu, Zichong Yang, Kuei-Da Liao, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Enhancing large vision language models with self-training on image comprehension
Yihe Deng, Pan Lu, Fan Yin, Ziniu Hu, Sheng Shen, Quanquan Gu, James Y Zou, Kai-Wei Chang, and Wei Wang. 2024 · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Hanguang Xiao, Feizhong Zhou, Xingyue Liu, Tianqi Liu, Zhipeng Li, Xin Liu, and Xiaoxuan Huang. 2024 · 2024
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Mmap: Multi-modal alignment prompt for cross-domain multi-task learning
Yi Xin, Junlong Du, Qiang Wang, Ke Yan, and Shouhong Ding. 2024 · 2024
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Superclue-math6: Graded multi-step math reasoning benchmark for llms in chinese
Liang Xu, Hang Xue, Lei Zhu, and Kangkang Zhao. 2024 · 2024
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Georeasoner: Reasoning on geospatially grounded context for natural language understanding
Yibo Yan and Joey Lee. 2024 · 2024
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Urbanclip: Learning text-enhanced urban region profiling with contrastive language-image pretraining from the web
Yibo Yan, Haomin Wen, Siru Zhong, Wei Chen, Haodong Chen, Qingsong Wen, Roger Zimmermann, and Yuxuan Liang. 2024b · 2024
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Minicpm-v: A gpt-4v level mllm on your phone
Yuan Yao, Tianyu Yu, Ao Zhang, Chongyi Wang, Junbo Cui, Hongji Zhu, Tianchi Cai, Haoyu Li, Weilin Zhao, Zhihui He, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
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Shuo Yin, Weihao You, Zhilong Ji, Guoqiang Zhong, and Jinfeng Bai. 2024 · 2024
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Mumath: Multi-perspective data augmentation for mathematical reasoning in large language models
Weihao You, Shuo Yin, Xudong Zhao, Zhilong Ji, Guoqiang Zhong, and Jinfeng Bai. 2024 · 2024
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Yi: Open foundation models by 01. ai
Alex Young, Bei Chen, Chao Li, Chengen Huang, Ge Zhang, Guanwei Zhang, Heng Li, Jiangcheng Zhu, Jianqun Chen, Jing Chang, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
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Large language model as attributed training data generator: A tale of diversity and bias
Yue Yu, Yuchen Zhuang, Jieyu Zhang, Yu Meng, Alexander J Ratner, Ranjay Krishna, Jiaming Shen, and Chao Zhang. 2024 · 2024
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Mmmu-pro: A more robust multi-discipline multimodal understanding benchmark
Xiang Yue, Tianyu Zheng, Yuansheng Ni, Yubo Wang, Kai Zhang, Shengbang Tong, Yuxuan Sun, Botao Yu, Ge Zhang, Huan Sun, and 1 others. 2024 · 2024
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Kening Zheng, Junkai Chen, Yibo Yan, Xin Zou, and Xuming Hu. 2024 · 2024
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Urbancross: Enhancing satellite image-text retrieval with cross-domain adaptation
Siru Zhong, Xixuan Hao, Yibo Yan, Ying Zhang, Yangqiu Song, and Yuxuan Liang. 2024 · 2024
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Math-puma: Progressive upward multimodal alignment to enhance mathematical reasoning
Wenwen Zhuang, Xin Huang, Xiantao Zhang, and Jin Zeng. 2024 · 2024
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Chengke Zou, Xingang Guo, Rui Yang, Junyu Zhang, Bin Hu, and Huan Zhang. 2024 · 2024
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Shuai Bai, Keqin Chen, Xuejing Liu, Jialin Wang, Wenbin Ge, Sibo Song, Kai Dang, Peng Wang, Shijie Wang, Jun Tang, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Why reasoning matters? a survey of advancements in multimodal reasoning (v1)
Jing Bi, Susan Liang, Xiaofei Zhou, Pinxin Liu, Junjia Guo, Yunlong Tang, Luchuan Song, Chao Huang, Guangyu Sun, Jinxi He, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Can mllms reason in multimodality? emma: An enhanced multimodal reasoning benchmark
Yunzhuo Hao, Jiawei Gu, Huichen Will Wang, Linjie Li, Zhengyuan Yang, Lijuan Wang, and Yu Cheng. 2025 · 2025
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Junquan Huang, Haotian Wu, Yubo Gao, Yibo Yan, Junyan Zhang, Yonghua Hei, Song Dai, Jie Zhang, Puay Siew Tan, and Xuming Hu. 2025 · 2025
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Cmm-math: A chinese multimodal math dataset to evaluate and enhance the mathematics reasoning of large multimodal models
Wentao Liu, Qianjun Pan, Yi Zhang, Zhuo Liu, Ji Wu, Jie Zhou, Aimin Zhou, Qin Chen, Bo Jiang, and Liang He. 2025 · 2025
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Prmbench: A fine-grained and challenging benchmark for process-level reward models
Mingyang Song, Zhaochen Su, Xiaoye Qu, Jiawei Zhou, and Yu Cheng. 2025 · 2025
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Mv-math: Evaluating multimodal math reasoning in multi-visual contexts
Peijie Wang, Zhong-Zhi Li, Fei Yin, Dekang Ran, and Cheng-Lin Liu. 2025 · 2025
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Towards large reasoning models: A survey of reinforced reasoning with large language models
Fengli Xu, Qianyue Hao, Zefang Zong, Jingwei Wang, Yunke Zhang, Jingyi Wang, Xiaochong Lan, Jiahui Gong, Tianjian Ouyang, Fanjin Meng, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Math-puma: Progressive upward multimodal alignment to enhance mathematical reasoning
Wenwen Zhuang, Xin Huang, Xiantao Zhang, and Jin Zeng. 2025 · 2025
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Deep learning for cross-domain data fusion in urban computing: Taxonomy, advances, and outlook
Xingchen Zou, Yibo Yan, Xixuan Hao, Yuehong Hu, Haomin Wen, Erdong Liu, Junbo Zhang, Yong Li, Tianrui Li, Yu Zheng, and 1 others. 2025 · 2025
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Yibo Yan, Jiahao Huo, Guanbo Feng, Mingdong Ou, Yi Cao, Xin Zou, Shuliang Liu, Yuanhuiyi Lyu, Yu Huang, Jungang Li, and 1 others. 2026 · 2026
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