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Large language models (LLMs) offer personalized responses based on user interactions, but this use case raises serious privacy concerns.
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William B. Dolan and Chris Brockett · 2005
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Cynthia Dwork · 2006
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Numerical Optimization
Jorge Nocedal and Stephen J. Wright · 2006
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Danilo Giampiccolo, Bernardo Magnini, Ido Dagan, and Bill Dolan · 2007
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Fully homomorphic encryption using ideal lattices
Craig Gentry · 2009
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Damien Stehlé, Ron Steinfeld, Keisuke Tanaka, and Keita Xagawa · 2009
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Sollya: An environment for the development of numerical codes
Sylvain Chevillard, Mioara Joldeş, and Christoph Lauter · 2010
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On ideal lattices and learning with errors over rings
Vadim Lyubashevsky, Chris Peikert, and Oded Regev · 2010
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Reproducing Kernel Hilbert Spaces in Probability and Statistics
Alain Berlinet and Christine Thomas-Agnan · 2011
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Fully homomorphic encryption without modulus switching from classical GapSVP
Zvika Brakerski · 2012
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Recursive deep models for semantic compositionality over a sentiment treebank
Richard Socher, Alex Perelygin, Jean Y Wu, Jason Chuang, Christopher D Manning, Andrew Y Ng, and Christopher Potts · 2013
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(Leveled) fully homomorphic encryption without bootstrapping
Zvika Brakerski, Craig Gentry, and Vinod Vaikuntanathan · 2014
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FHEW: Bootstrapping homomorphic encryption in less than a second
Léo Ducas and Daniele Micciancio · 2015
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Jimmy Lei Ba, Jamie Ryan Kiros, and Geoffrey E Hinton · 2016
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Faster fully homomorphic encryption: Bootstrapping in less than 0.1 seconds
Ilaria Chillotti, Nicolas Gama, Mariya Georgieva, and Malika Izabachene · 2016
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Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the european parliament and of the council of 27 april 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, and repealing directive 95/46/ec (general data protection regulation)
European Union · 2016
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Stealing machine learning models via prediction APIs
Florian Tramèr, Fan Zhang, Ari Juels, Michael K. Reiter, and Thomas Ristenpart · 2016
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Semeval-2017 task 1: Semantic textual similarity multilingual and crosslingual focused evaluation
Daniel Cer, Mona Diab, Eneko Agirre, Iñigo Lopez-Gazpio, and Lucia Specia · 2017
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Homomorphic encryption for arithmetic of approximate numbers
Jung Hee Cheon, Andrey Kim, Miran Kim, and Yong Soo Song · 2017
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Language modeling with gated convolutional networks
Yann N Dauphin, Angela Fan, Michael Auli, and David Grangier · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin · 2017
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Bootstrapping for approximate homomorphic encryption
Jung Hee Cheon, Kyoohyung Han, Andrey Kim, Miran Kim, and Yongsoo Song · 2018
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Faster homomorphic linear transformations in HElib
Shai Halevi and Victor Shoup · 2018
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Secure outsourced matrix computation and application to neural networks
Xiaoqian Jiang, Miran Kim, Kristin Lauter, and Yongsoo Song · 2018
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Improving language understanding by generative pre-training
Alec Radford · 2018
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California consumer privacy act of 2018
State of California · 2018
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GLUE: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding
Alex Wang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman · 2018
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A broad-coverage challenge corpus for sentence understanding through inference
Adina Williams, Nikita Nangia, and Samuel R Bowman · 2018
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DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with disentangled attention
Pengcheng He, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, and Weizhu Chen · 2021
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SOFT: Softmax-free transformer with linear complexity
Jiachen Lu, Jinghan Yao, Junge Zhang, Xiatian Zhu, Hang Xu, Weiguo Gao, Chunjing Xu, Tao Xiang, and Li Zhang · 2021
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mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer
Linting Xue, Noah Constant, Adam Roberts, Mihir Kale, Rami Al-Rfou, Aditya Siddhant, Aditya Barua, and Colin Raffel · 2021
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THE-X: Privacy-preserving transformer inference with homomorphic encryption
Tianyu Chen, Hangbo Bao, Shaohan Huang, Li Dong, Binxing Jiao, Daxin Jiang, Haoyi Zhou, Jianxin Li, and Furu Wei · 2022
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HEaaN library
HEaaN. CryptoLab · 2022
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Iron: Private inference on transformers
Meng Hao, Hongwei Li, Hanxiao Chen, Pengzhi Xing, Guowen Xu, and Tianwei Zhang · 2022
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BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
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Logistic regression on homomorphic encrypted data at scale
Kyoohyung Han, Seungwan Hong, Jung Hee Cheon, and Daejun Park · 2019
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Marian: Fast neural machine translation in C++
Marcin Junczys-Dowmunt, Roman Grundkiewicz, Tomasz Dwojak, Hieu Hoang, Kenneth Heafield, Tom Neckermann, Frank Seide, Ulrich Germann, Alham Fikri Aji, Nikolay Bogoychev, et al · 2019
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RoBERTa: A robustly optimized BERT pretraining approach
Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov · 2019
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Decoupled weight decay regularization
Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter · 2019
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
Alec Radford, Jeff Wu, Rewon Child, David Luan, Dario Amodei, and Ilya Sutskever · 2019
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Secure tumor classification by shallow neural network using homomorphic encryption
Seungwan Hong, Jai Park, Wonhee Cho, Hyeongmin Choe, and Jung Cheon · 2022
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LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, Yelong Shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen · 2022
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Privacy-preserving deep sequential model with matrix homomorphic encryption
Jaehee Jang, Younho Lee, Andrey Kim, Byunggook Na, Donggeon Yhee, Byounghan Lee, Jung Hee Cheon, and Sungroh Yoon · 2022
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On matrix multiplication with homomorphic encryption
Panagiotis Rizomiliotis and Aikaterini Triakosia · 2022
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Privformer: Privacy-preserving transformer with MPC
Yoshimasa Akimoto, Kazuto Fukuchi, Youhei Akimoto, and Jun Sakuma · 2023
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Training large scale polynomial CNNs for E2E inference over homomorphic encryption
Moran Baruch, Nir Drucker, Gilad Ezov, Eyal Kushnir, Jenny Lerner, Omri Soceanu, and Itamar Zimerman · 2023
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PUMA: Secure inference of Llama-7b in five minutes
Ye Dong, Wen jie Lu, Yancheng Zheng, Haoqi Wu, Derun Zhao, Jin Tan, Zhicong Huang, Cheng Hong, Tao Wei, and Wenguang Chen · 2023
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Cramming: Training a language model on a single gpu in one day
Jonas Geiping and Tom Goldstein · 2023
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MPCFormer: Fast, performant and private transformer inference with MPC
Dacheng Li, Rulin Shao, Hongyi Wang, Han Guo, Eric P Xing, and Hao Zhang · 2023
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ChatGPT banned in Italy over privacy concerns
Shiona McCallum · 2023
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Amazon, Apple, and 12 other major companies that have restricted employees from using ChatGPT
Aaron Mok · 2023
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OpenAI · 2023
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A new framework for fast homomorphic matrix multiplication
Xiaopeng Zheng, Hongbo Li, and Dingkang Wang · 2023
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Plaintext-ciphertext matrix multiplication and fhe bootstrapping: Fast and fused
Youngjin Bae, Jung Hee Cheon, Guillaume Hanrot, Jai Hyun Park, and Damien Stehlé · 2024
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Stealing part of a production language model
Nicholas Carlini, Daniel Paleka, Krishnamurthy Dj Dvijotham, Thomas Steinke, Jonathan Hayase, A. Feder Cooper, Katherine Lee, Matthew Jagielski, Milad Nasr, Arthur Conmy, Eric Wallace, David Rolnick, and Florian Tramèr · 2024
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Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhishek Kadian, et al · 2024
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Yang Li, Wenhan Yu, and Jun Zhao · 2024
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BOLT: Privacy-preserving, accurate and efficient inference for transformers
Qi Pang, Jinhao Zhu, Helen Möllering, Wenting Zheng, and Thomas Schneider · 2024
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Powerformer: Efficient privacy-preserving transformer with batch rectifier-power max function and optimized homomorphic attention
Dongjin Park, Eunsang Lee, and Joon-Woo Lee · 2024
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Converting transformers to polynomial form for secure inference over homomorphic encryption
Itamar Zimerman, Moran Baruch, Nir Drucker, Gilad Ezov, Omri Soceanu, and Lior Wolf · 2024
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