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A multitude of JWST studies reveal a surprising over-abundance of over-massive accreting super-massive black holes (SMBHs) -- leading to a deepening tension between theory and observation in the first billion years of cosmic time.
Can a spherically accreting black hole radiate very near the Eddington limit?
Begelman, M. C · 1979
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An optimal extraction algorithm for CCD spectroscopy
Horne, K · 1986
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Slim Accretion Disks
Abramowicz, M. A., Czerny, B., Lasota, J. P. & Szuszkiewicz, E · 1988
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Anisotropic Line Emission and the Geometry of the Broad-Line Region in Active Galactic Nuclei
Ferland, G. J., Peterson, B. M., Horne, K., Welsh, W. F. & Nahar, S. N · 1992
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The Dust Content and Opacity of Actively Star-forming Galaxies
Calzetti, D. et al · 2000
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Composite Quasar Spectra from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Vanden Berk, D. E. et al · 2001
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A Quantitative Comparison of the Small Magellanic Cloud, Large Magellanic Cloud, and Milky Way Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Extinction Curves
Gordon, K. D., Clayton, G. C., Misselt, K. A., Landolt, A. U. & Wolff, M. J · 2003
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Silva, D. R. & Doxsey, R. E. (eds) CIAO: Chandra’s data analysis system . Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series , Vol. 6270, 62701V (2006)
Fruscione, A. et al · 2006
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The Intrinsically X-Ray-weak Quasar PHL 1811. II. Optical and UV Spectra and Analysis
Leighly, K. M., Halpern, J. P., Jenkins, E. B. & Casebeer, D · 2007
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High-redshift SDSS Quasars with Weak Emission Lines
Diamond-Stanic, A. M. et al · 2009
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A Population of X-Ray Weak Quasars: PHL 1811 Analogs at High Redshift
Wu, J. et al · 2011
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The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 4 Ms Source Catalogs
Xue, Y. Q. et al · 2011
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A statistical relation between the X-ray spectral index and Eddington ratio of active galactic nuclei in deep surveys
Brightman, M. et al · 2013
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The Physics and Evolution of Active Galactic Nuclei (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
Netzer, H · 2013
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Relations between Central Black Hole Mass and Total Galaxy Stellar Mass in the Local Universe
Reines, A. E. & Volonteri, M · 2015
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X-ray Insights into the Nature of PHL 1811 Analogs and Weak Emission-line Quasars: Unification with a Geometrically Thick Accretion Disk?
Luo, B. et al · 2015
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Galaxies in the First Billion Years After the Big Bang
Stark, D. P · 2016
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Growing massive black holes through supercritical accretion of stellar-mass seeds
Lupi, A. et al · 2016
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Super-Eddington growth of the first black holes
Pezzulli, E., Valiante, R. & Schneider, R · 2016
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Evidence That Most Type-1 AGNs are Reddened by Dust in the Host ISM
Baron, D., Stern, J., Poznanski, D. & Netzer, H · 2016
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The Chandra Cosmos Legacy Survey: Overview and Point Source Catalog
Civano, F. et al · 2016
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Quasars as standard candles. I. The physical relation between disc and coronal emission
Lusso, E. & Risaliti, G · 2017
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BAT AGN Spectroscopic Survey (BASS) - VI. The Γ \Gamma X
Trakhtenbrot, B. et al · 2017
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Conditions for Optimal Growth of Black Hole Seeds
Pacucci, F., Natarajan, P., Volonteri, M., Cappelluti, N. & Urry, C. M · 2017
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The 2017 Release Cloudy
Ferland, G. J. et al · 2017
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The Chandra Deep Field-South Survey: 7 Ms Source Catalogs
Luo, B. et al · 2017
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Abundance scaling in stars, nebulae and galaxies
Nicholls, D. C., Sutherland, R. S., Dopita, M. A., Kewley, L. J. & Groves, B. A · 2017
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Connecting the X-ray properties of weak-line and typical quasars: testing for a geometrically thick accretion disk
Ni, Q. et al · 2018
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A physical model of the broad-band continuum of AGN and its implications for the UV/X relation and optical variability
Kubota, A. & Done, C · 2018
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High-redshift Extremely Red Quasars in X-Rays
Goulding, A. D. et al · 2018
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High-redshift AGN in the Chandra Deep Fields: the obscured fraction and space density of the sub-L ∗
Vito, F. et al · 2018
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Discovery of a z = 7.452 High Equivalent Width Ly α \alpha Emitter from the Hubble Space Telescope Faint Infrared Grism Survey
Larson, R. L. et al · 2018
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A Comprehensive and Uniform Sample of Broad-line Active Galactic Nuclei from the SDSS DR7
Liu, H.-Y. et al · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Super-Eddington accretion and feedback from the first massive seed black holes
Regan, J. A. et al · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Modelling the spectral energy distribution of super-Eddington quasars
Kubota, A. & Done, C · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Slim Accretion Disks: Theory and Observational Consequences
Czerny, B · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Probing the Nature of High-redshift Weak Emission Line Quasars: A Young Quasar with a Starburst Host Galaxy
Andika, I. T. et al · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
On the Fraction of X-Ray-weak Quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
Pu, X. et al · 2020
UNCOVER Spectroscopy Confirms the Surprising Ubiquity of Active Galactic Nuclei in Red Sources at z > > 5
Greene, J. E. et al · 2024
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A Census of Photometrically Selected Little Red Dots at 4 < < z < < 9 in JWST Blank Fields
Kokorev, V. et al · 2024
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X-Ray View of Little Red Dots: Do They Host Supermassive Black Holes?
Ananna, T. T., Bogdán, Á., Kovács, O. E., Natarajan, P. & Hickox, R. C · 2024
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Stacking X-Ray Observations of “Little Red Dots”: Implications for Their Active Galactic Nucleus Properties
Yue, M. et al · 2024
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The Galaxies Missed by Hubble and ALMA: The Contribution of Extremely Red Galaxies to the Cosmic Census at 3 < < z < < 8
Williams, C. C. et al · 2024
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Cited alongside, same era.
The bolometric quasar luminosity function at z = 0-7
Shen, X. et al · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
The WISSH quasars project. VII. The impact of extreme radiative field in the accretion disc and X-ray corona interplay
Zappacosta, L. et al · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Intermediate-Mass Black Holes
Greene, J. E., Strader, J. & Ho, L. C · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
The Chandra view of the relation between X-ray and UV emission in quasars
Bisogni, S. et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
On the Observational Difference between the Accretion Disk-Corona Connections among Super- and Sub-Eddington Accreting Active Galactic Nuclei
Liu, H. et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
New Determinations of the UV Luminosity Functions from z = = 9 to 2 Show a Remarkable Consistency with Halo Growth and a Constant Star Formation Efficiency
Bouwens, R. J. et al · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
Casey, C. M. et al · 2024
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The black hole masses of high-redshift QSOs
King, A · 2024
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Mildly Super-Eddington Accretion onto Slowly Spinning Black Holes Explains the X-Ray Weakness of the Little Red Dots
Pacucci, F. & Narayan, R · 2024
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The Small Sizes and High Implied Densities of “Little Red Dots” with Balmer Breaks Could Explain Their Broad Emission Lines without an Active Galactic Nucleus
Baggen, J. F. W. et al · 2024
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The Redshift Evolution of the M •
Pacucci, F. & Loeb, A · 2024
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First Detection of an Overmassive Black Hole Galaxy UHZ1: Evidence for Heavy Black Hole Seed Formation from Direct Collapse
Natarajan, P. et al · 2024
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[Ne v] emission from a faint epoch of reionization-era galaxy: evidence for a narrow-line intermediate-mass black hole
Chisholm, J. et al · 2024
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Size matters: are we witnessing super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift black holes from JWST?
Lupi, A., Trinca, A., Volonteri, M., Dotti, M. & Mazzucchelli, C · 2024
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Between the Extremes: A JWST Spectroscopic Benchmark for High-redshift Galaxies Using ∼ \sim 500 Confirmed Sources at z ≥ \geq 5
Roberts-Borsani, G. et al · 2024
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Sustained super-Eddington accretion in high-redshift quasars
Lupi, A., Quadri, G., Volonteri, M., Colpi, M. & Regan, J. A · 2024
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From Seeds to Supermassive Black Holes: Capture, Growth, Migration, and Pairing in Dense Protobulge Environments
Shi, Y., Kremer, K. & Hopkins, P. F · 2024
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The Weakness of Soft X-Ray Intensity: Possible Physical Reason for Weak-line Quasars
Wu, J. et al · 2024
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Birth of Rapidly Spinning, Overmassive Black Holes in the Early Universe
Inayoshi, K. & Ichikawa, K · 2024
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On the universal validity of Case B recombination theory
Scarlata, C. et al · 2024
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Episodic super-Eddington accretion as a clue to Overmassive Black Holes in the early Universe
Trinca, A. et al · 2024
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JADES NIRSpec initial data release for the Hubble Ultra Deep Field: Redshifts and line fluxes of distant galaxies from the deepest JWST Cycle 1 NIRSpec multi-object spectroscopy
Bunker, A. J. et al · 2024
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Uncovering a Massive z ∼ \sim 7.7 Galaxy Hosting a Heavily Obscured Radio-loud Active Galactic Nucleus Candidate in COSMOS-Web
Lambrides, E. et al · 2024
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The Rise of Faint, Red Active Galactic Nuclei at z ¿ 4: A Sample of Little Red Dots in the JWST Extragalactic Legacy Fields
Kocevski, D. D. et al · 2025
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COSMOS-Web: The Overabundance and Physical Nature of “Little Red Dots”–Implications for Early Galaxy and SMBH Assembly
Akins, H. B. et al · 2025
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JWST meets Chandra: a large population of Compton thick, feedback-free, and intrinsically X-ray weak AGN, with a sprinkle of SNe
Maiolino, R. et al · 2025
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RUBIES: JWST/NIRSpec Confirmation of an Infrared-luminous, Broad-line Little Red Dot with an Ionized Outflow
Wang, B. et al · 2025
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JWST ERS Program Q3D: The pitfalls of virial black hole mass constraints shown for a z ∼ \sim 3 quasar with an ultramassive host
Bertemes, C. et al · 2025
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Exploring active galactic nuclei and little red dots with the Obelisk simulation
Volonteri, M. et al · 2025
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The JWST Spectroscopic Properties of Galaxies at z = 9 − 14 z=9-14
Tang, M. et al · 2025
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JADES Data Release 3: NIRSpec/Microshutter Assembly Spectroscopy for 4000 Galaxies in the GOODS Fields
D’Eugenio, F. et al · 2025
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Tentative Detection of Neutral Gas in a Little Red Dot at z = 4.46
Akins, H. B. et al · 2026
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