Modified gravity in the presence of matter creation: scenario for the late Universe

Understand

We consider a dynamic scenario for characterizing the late Universe evolution, aiming to mitigate the Hubble tension.

• Specifically, we consider a metric $f(R)$ gravity in the Jordan frame which is implemented to the dynamics of a flat isotropic Universe.
• This cosmological model incorporates a matter creation process, due to the time variation of the cosmological gravitational field.
• We model particle creation by representing the isotropic Universe (specifically, a given fiducial volume) as an open thermodynamic system.