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Codebooks -- documents that operationalize concepts and outline annotation procedures -- are used almost universally by social scientists when coding political texts.
“The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data”
JR Landis · 1977
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data”
JR Landis · 1977
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data”
JR Landis · 1977
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Measurement of Observer Agreement for Categorical Data”
JR Landis · 1977
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measurement validity: A shared standard for qualitative and quantitative research”
Robert Adcock and David Collier · 2001
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measurement validity: A shared standard for qualitative and quantitative research”
Robert Adcock and David Collier · 2001
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measurement validity: A shared standard for qualitative and quantitative research”
Robert Adcock and David Collier · 2001
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measurement validity: A shared standard for qualitative and quantitative research”
Robert Adcock and David Collier · 2001
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A new event data framework for the analysis of foreign policy interactions”
Deborah. Gerner, Philip Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz and Rajaa Abu-Jabr · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A new event data framework for the analysis of foreign policy interactions”
Deborah. Gerner, Philip Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz and Rajaa Abu-Jabr · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A new event data framework for the analysis of foreign policy interactions”
Deborah. Gerner, Philip Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz and Rajaa Abu-Jabr · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A new event data framework for the analysis of foreign policy interactions”
Deborah. Gerner, Philip Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz and Rajaa Abu-Jabr · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A new event data framework for the analysis of foreign policy interactions”
Deborah. Gerner, Philip Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz and Rajaa Abu-Jabr · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A new event data framework for the analysis of foreign policy interactions”
Deborah. Gerner, Philip Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz and Rajaa Abu-Jabr · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A new event data framework for the analysis of foreign policy interactions”
Deborah. Gerner, Philip Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz and Rajaa Abu-Jabr · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Conflict and Mediation Event Observations (CAMEO): A new event data framework for the analysis of foreign policy interactions”
Deborah. Gerner, Philip Schrodt, Omür Yilmaz and Rajaa Abu-Jabr · 2002
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring political violence in Pakistan: Insights from the BFRS Dataset”
Ethan Bueno et al · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring political violence in Pakistan: Insights from the BFRS Dataset”
Ethan Bueno et al · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring political violence in Pakistan: Insights from the BFRS Dataset”
Ethan Bueno et al · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring political violence in Pakistan: Insights from the BFRS Dataset”
Ethan Bueno et al · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring political violence in Pakistan: Insights from the BFRS Dataset”
Ethan Bueno et al · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring political violence in Pakistan: Insights from the BFRS Dataset”
Ethan Bueno et al · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring political violence in Pakistan: Insights from the BFRS Dataset”
Ethan Bueno et al · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring political violence in Pakistan: Insights from the BFRS Dataset”
Ethan Bueno et al · 2015
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Manifesto Corpus: A new resource for research on political parties and quantitative text analysis”
Nicolas Merz, Sven Regel and Jirka Lewandowski · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text”
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev and Percy Liang · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Manifesto Corpus: A new resource for research on political parties and quantitative text analysis”
Nicolas Merz, Sven Regel and Jirka Lewandowski · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text”
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev and Percy Liang · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Manifesto Corpus: A new resource for research on political parties and quantitative text analysis”
Nicolas Merz, Sven Regel and Jirka Lewandowski · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text”
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev and Percy Liang · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The Manifesto Corpus: A new resource for research on political parties and quantitative text analysis”
Nicolas Merz, Sven Regel and Jirka Lewandowski · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“SQuAD: 100,000+ Questions for Machine Comprehension of Text”
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev and Percy Liang · 2016
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Manifesto Corpus. Version: 2017b”, 2017
Pola Lehmann et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Manifesto Corpus. Version: 2017b”, 2017
Pola Lehmann et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“NewsQA: A Machine Comprehension Dataset”
Adam Trischler et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Attention is All you Need”
Ashish Vaswani et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“NewsQA: A Machine Comprehension Dataset”
Adam Trischler et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Attention is All you Need”
Ashish Vaswani et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Manifesto Corpus. Version: 2017b”, 2017
Pola Lehmann et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Manifesto Corpus. Version: 2017b”, 2017
Pola Lehmann et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“NewsQA: A Machine Comprehension Dataset”
Adam Trischler et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Attention is All you Need”
Ashish Vaswani et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“NewsQA: A Machine Comprehension Dataset”
Adam Trischler et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Attention is All you Need”
Ashish Vaswani et al · 2017
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Think you have solved question answering? try ARC, the AI2 reasoning challenge”
Peter Clark et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Data”
Suchin Gururangan et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Know What You Don’t Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuAD”
Pranav Rajpurkar, Robin Jia and Percy Liang · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering”
Zhilin Yang et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Think you have solved question answering? try ARC, the AI2 reasoning challenge”
Peter Clark et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Data”
Suchin Gururangan et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Know What You Don’t Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuAD”
Pranav Rajpurkar, Robin Jia and Percy Liang · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering”
Zhilin Yang et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Think you have solved question answering? try ARC, the AI2 reasoning challenge”
Peter Clark et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Data”
Suchin Gururangan et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Know What You Don’t Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuAD”
Pranav Rajpurkar, Robin Jia and Percy Liang · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering”
Zhilin Yang et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Think you have solved question answering? try ARC, the AI2 reasoning challenge”
Peter Clark et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Annotation Artifacts in Natural Language Inference Data”
Suchin Gururangan et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Know What You Don’t Know: Unanswerable Questions for SQuAD”
Pranav Rajpurkar, Robin Jia and Percy Liang · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“HotpotQA: A Dataset for Diverse, Explainable Multi-hop Question Answering”
Zhilin Yang et al · 2018
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The #benderrule: On naming the languages we study and why it matters”
Emily Bender · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Electoral Contention and Violence (ECAV): A new dataset”
Ursula Daxecker, Elio Amicarelli and Alexander Jung · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding”
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Natural Questions: a Benchmark for Question Answering Research”
Tom Kwiatkowski et al · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learning”
Alexandre Lacoste, Alexandra Luccioni, Victor Schmidt and Thomas Dandres · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Right for the Wrong Reasons: Diagnosing Syntactic Heuristics in Natural Language Inference”
Tom McCoy, Ellie Pavlick and Tal Linzen · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The #benderrule: On naming the languages we study and why it matters”
Emily Bender · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Electoral Contention and Violence (ECAV): A new dataset”
Ursula Daxecker, Elio Amicarelli and Alexander Jung · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding”
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Natural Questions: a Benchmark for Question Answering Research”
Tom Kwiatkowski et al · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learning”
Alexandre Lacoste, Alexandra Luccioni, Victor Schmidt and Thomas Dandres · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Right for the Wrong Reasons: Diagnosing Syntactic Heuristics in Natural Language Inference”
Tom McCoy, Ellie Pavlick and Tal Linzen · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The #benderrule: On naming the languages we study and why it matters”
Emily Bender · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Electoral Contention and Violence (ECAV): A new dataset”
Ursula Daxecker, Elio Amicarelli and Alexander Jung · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding”
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Natural Questions: a Benchmark for Question Answering Research”
Tom Kwiatkowski et al · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learning”
Alexandre Lacoste, Alexandra Luccioni, Victor Schmidt and Thomas Dandres · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Right for the Wrong Reasons: Diagnosing Syntactic Heuristics in Natural Language Inference”
Tom McCoy, Ellie Pavlick and Tal Linzen · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“The #benderrule: On naming the languages we study and why it matters”
Emily Bender · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Electoral Contention and Violence (ECAV): A new dataset”
Ursula Daxecker, Elio Amicarelli and Alexander Jung · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“BERT: Pre-training of Deep Bidirectional Transformers for Language Understanding”
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee and Kristina Toutanova · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Natural Questions: a Benchmark for Question Answering Research”
Tom Kwiatkowski et al · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Quantifying the Carbon Emissions of Machine Learning”
Alexandre Lacoste, Alexandra Luccioni, Victor Schmidt and Thomas Dandres · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Right for the Wrong Reasons: Diagnosing Syntactic Heuristics in Natural Language Inference”
Tom McCoy, Ellie Pavlick and Tal Linzen · 2019
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Language models are few-shot learners”
Tom Brown et al · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How Should We Define and Evaluate Faithfulness?”
Alon Jacovi and Yoav Goldberg · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP Models with CheckList”
Marco Ribeiro, Tongshuang Wu, Carlos Guestrin and Sameer Singh · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Language models are few-shot learners”
Tom Brown et al · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How Should We Define and Evaluate Faithfulness?”
Alon Jacovi and Yoav Goldberg · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP Models with CheckList”
Marco Ribeiro, Tongshuang Wu, Carlos Guestrin and Sameer Singh · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Language models are few-shot learners”
Tom Brown et al · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Data feminism”
Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren Klein · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Language models are few-shot learners”
Tom Brown et al · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Data feminism”
Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren Klein · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Language models are few-shot learners”
Tom Brown et al · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How Should We Define and Evaluate Faithfulness?”
Alon Jacovi and Yoav Goldberg · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP Models with CheckList”
Marco Ribeiro, Tongshuang Wu, Carlos Guestrin and Sameer Singh · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Language models are few-shot learners”
Tom Brown et al · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How Should We Define and Evaluate Faithfulness?”
Alon Jacovi and Yoav Goldberg · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Beyond Accuracy: Behavioral Testing of NLP Models with CheckList”
Marco Ribeiro, Tongshuang Wu, Carlos Guestrin and Sameer Singh · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Language models are few-shot learners”
Tom Brown et al · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Data feminism”
Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren Klein · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Language models are few-shot learners”
Tom Brown et al · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Data feminism”
Catherine D’Ignazio and Lauren Klein · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Corpus-Level Evaluation for Event QA: The IndiaPoliceEvents Corpus Covering the 2002 Gujarat Violence”
Andrew Halterman, Katherine Keith, Sheikh Sarwar and Brendan O’Connor · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Calibrate before use: Improving few-shot performance of language models”
Zihao Zhao et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Corpus-Level Evaluation for Event QA: The IndiaPoliceEvents Corpus Covering the 2002 Gujarat Violence”
Andrew Halterman, Katherine Keith, Sheikh Sarwar and Brendan O’Connor · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Calibrate before use: Improving few-shot performance of language models”
Zihao Zhao et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Competency Problems: On Finding and Removing Artifacts in Language Data”
Matt Gardner et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Few-Shot Upsampling for Protest Size Detection”
Andrew Halterman and Benjamin Radford · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding”
Dan Hendrycks et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Competency Problems: On Finding and Removing Artifacts in Language Data”
Matt Gardner et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Few-Shot Upsampling for Protest Size Detection”
Andrew Halterman and Benjamin Radford · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding”
Dan Hendrycks et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Corpus-Level Evaluation for Event QA: The IndiaPoliceEvents Corpus Covering the 2002 Gujarat Violence”
Andrew Halterman, Katherine Keith, Sheikh Sarwar and Brendan O’Connor · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Calibrate before use: Improving few-shot performance of language models”
Zihao Zhao et al · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Corpus-Level Evaluation for Event QA: The IndiaPoliceEvents Corpus Covering the 2002 Gujarat Violence”
Andrew Halterman, Katherine Keith, Sheikh Sarwar and Brendan O’Connor · 2021
Earlier work this paper cites.
“Calibrate before use: Improving few-shot performance of language models”
Zihao Zhao et al · 2021
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“Competency Problems: On Finding and Removing Artifacts in Language Data”
Matt Gardner et al · 2021
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Andrew Halterman and Benjamin Radford · 2021
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“Measuring Massive Multitask Language Understanding”
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“Political DEBATE: Efficient Zero-shot and Few-shot Classifiers for Political Text”
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