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Requiring a large language model (LLM) to generate intermediary reasoning steps, known as Chain of Thought (CoT), has been shown to be an effective way of boosting performance.
UNIFIEDQA: Crossing format boundaries with a single QA system
Daniel Khashabi, Sewon Min, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Oyvind Tafjord, Peter Clark, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi. 2020 · 1907
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Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python
F. Pedregosa, G. Varoquaux, A. Gramfort, V. Michel, B. Thirion, O. Grisel, M. Blondel, P. Prettenhofer, R. Weiss, V. Dubourg, J. Vanderplas, A. Passos, D. Cournapeau, M. Brucher, M. Perrot, and E. Duchesnay. 2011 · 2011
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SQuAD: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev, and Percy Liang. 2016 · 2016
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Program induction by rationale generation: Learning to solve and explain algebraic word problems
Wang Ling, Dani Yogatama, Chris Dyer, and Phil Blunsom. 2017 · 2017
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord. 2018 · 2018
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HotpotQA: A dataset for diverse, explainable multi-hop question answering
Zhilin Yang, Peng Qi, Saizheng Zhang, Yoshua Bengio, William Cohen, Ruslan Salakhutdinov, and Christopher D. Manning. 2018 · 2018
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Verify-and-edit: A knowledge-enhanced chain-of-thought framework
Ruochen Zhao, Xingxuan Li, Shafiq Joty, Chengwei Qin, and Lidong Bing. 2023b · 2018
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QuaRTz: An open-domain dataset of qualitative relationship questions
Oyvind Tafjord, Matt Gardner, Kevin Lin, and Peter Clark. 2019 · 2019
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CommonsenseQA: A question answering challenge targeting commonsense knowledge
Alon Talmor, Jonathan Herzig, Nicholas Lourie, and Jonathan Berant. 2019 · 2019
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al. 2021 · 2021
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Did aristotle use a laptop? a question answering benchmark with implicit reasoning strategies
Mor Geva, Daniel Khashabi, Elad Segal, Tushar Khot, Dan Roth, and Jonathan Berant. 2021 · 2021
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General-purpose question-answering with macaw
Oyvind Tafjord and Peter Clark. 2021 · 2021
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LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models
Edward J Hu, yelong shen, Phillip Wallis, Zeyuan Allen-Zhu, Yuanzhi Li, Shean Wang, Lu Wang, and Weizhu Chen. 2022 · 2022
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Peft: State-of-the-art parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods
Sourab Mangrulkar, Sylvain Gugger, Lysandre Debut, Younes Belkada, Sayak Paul, and Benjamin Bossan. 2022 · 2022
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Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluators
William Saunders, Catherine Yeh, Jeff Wu, Steven Bills, Long Ouyang, Jonathan Ward, and Jan Leike. 2022 · 2022
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ConditionalQA: A complex reading comprehension dataset with conditional answers
Haitian Sun, William Cohen, and Ruslan Salakhutdinov. 2022 · 2022
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Phi-2: The surprising power of small language models
Marah Abdin, Jyoti Aneja, Sebastien Bubeck, Caio César Teodoro Mendes, Weizhu Chen, Allie Del Giorno, Ronen Eldan, Sivakanth Gopi, Suriya Gunasekar, Mojan Javaheripi, Piero Kauffmann, Yin Tat Lee, Yuanzhi Li, Anh Nguyen, Gustavo de Rosa, Olli Saarikivi, Adil Salim, Shital Shah, Michael Santacroce, Harkirat Singh Behl, Adam Taumann Kalai, Xin Wang, Rachel Ward, Philipp Witte, Cyril Zhang, and Yi Zhang. 2023 · 2023
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RL4F: Generating natural language feedback with reinforcement learning for repairing model outputs
Afra Feyza Akyurek, Ekin Akyurek, Ashwin Kalyan, Peter Clark, Derry Tanti Wijaya, and Niket Tandon. 2023 · 2023
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Large language models are reasoning teachers
Namgyu Ho, Laura Schmid, and Se-Young Yun. 2023 · 2023
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Distilling step-by-step! outperforming larger language models with less training data and smaller model sizes
Cheng-Yu Hsieh, Chun-Liang Li, Chih-kuan Yeh, Hootan Nakhost, Yasuhisa Fujii, Alex Ratner, Ranjay Krishna, Chen-Yu Lee, and Tomas Pfister. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models can self-improve
Jiaxin Huang, Shixiang Gu, Le Hou, Yuexin Wu, Xuezhi Wang, Hongkun Yu, and Jiawei Han. 2023 · 2023
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BoardgameQA: A dataset for natural language reasoning with contradictory information
Mehran Kazemi, Quan Yuan, Deepti Bhatia, Najoung Kim, Xin Xu, Vaiva Imbrasaite, and Deepak Ramachandran. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
The CoT collection: Improving zero-shot and few-shot learning of language models via chain-of-thought fine-tuning
Seungone Kim, Se Joo, Doyoung Kim, Joel Jang, Seonghyeon Ye, Jamin Shin, and Minjoon Seo. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Graph of thoughts: Solving elaborate problems with large language models
Maciej Besta, Nils Blach, Ales Kubicek, Robert Gerstenberger, Michal Podstawski, Lukas Gianinazzi, Joanna Gajda, Tomasz Lehmann, Hubert Niewiadomski, Piotr Nyczyk, and Torsten Hoefler. 2024 · 2024
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Scaling instruction-finetuned language models
Hyung Won Chung, Le Hou, Shayne Longpre, Barret Zoph, Yi Tay, William Fedus, Yunxuan Li, Xuezhi Wang, Mostafa Dehghani, Siddhartha Brahma, et al. 2024 · 2024
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Improving factuality and reasoning in language models through multiagent debate
Yilun Du, Shuang Li, Antonio Torralba, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Igor Mordatch. 2024 · 2024
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A closer look at the self-verification abilities of large language models in logical reasoning
Ruixin Hong, Hongming Zhang, Xinyu Pang, Dong Yu, and Changshui Zhang. 2024 · 2024
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Large language models cannot self-correct reasoning yet
Jie Huang, Xinyun Chen, Swaroop Mishra, Huaixiu Steven Zheng, Adams Wei Yu, Xinying Song, and Denny Zhou. 2024 · 2024
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Efficient memory management for large language model serving with pagedattention
Woosuk Kwon, Zhuohan Li, Siyuan Zhuang, Ying Sheng, Lianmin Zheng, Cody Hao Yu, Joseph E. Gonzalez, Hao Zhang, and Ion Stoica. 2023 · 2023
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The flan collection: Designing data and methods for effective instruction tuning
Shayne Longpre, Le Hou, Tu Vu, Albert Webson, Hyung Won Chung, Yi Tay, Denny Zhou, Quoc V Le, Barret Zoph, Jason Wei, and Adam Roberts. 2023 · 2023
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Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback
Aman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan, Luyu Gao, Sarah Wiegreffe, Uri Alon, Nouha Dziri, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yiming Yang, Shashank Gupta, Bodhisattwa Prasad Majumder, Katherine Hermann, Sean Welleck, Amir Yazdanbakhsh, and Peter Clark. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Thoughtsource: A central hub for large language model reasoning data
Simon Ott, Konstantin Hebenstreit, Valentin Liévin, Christoffer Egeberg Hother, Milad Moradi, Maximilian Mayrhauser, Robert Praas, Ole Winther, and Matthias Samwald. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Limitations of language models in arithmetic and symbolic induction
Jing Qian, Hong Wang, Zekun Li, Shiyang Li, and Xifeng Yan. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Challenging BIG-bench tasks and whether chain-of-thought can solve them
Mirac Suzgun, Nathan Scales, Nathanael Schärli, Sebastian Gehrmann, Yi Tay, Hyung Won Chung, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Quoc Le, Ed Chi, Denny Zhou, and Jason Wei. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, et al. 2023 · 2023
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Forward-backward reasoning in large language models for mathematical verification
Weisen Jiang, Han Shi, Longhui Yu, Zhengying Liu, Yu Zhang, Zhenguo Li, and James Kwok. 2024 · 2024
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Language models can solve computer tasks
Geunwoo Kim, Pierre Baldi, and Stephen McAleer. 2024 · 2024
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Automatically correcting large language models: Surveying the landscape of diverse automated correction strategies
Liangming Pan, Michael Saxon, Wenda Xu, Deepak Nathani, Xinyi Wang, and William Yang Wang. 2024 · 2024
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REFINER: Reasoning feedback on intermediate representations
Debjit Paul, Mete Ismayilzada, Maxime Peyrard, Beatriz Borges, Antoine Bosselut, Robert West, and Boi Faltings. 2024 · 2024
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Code prompting elicits conditional reasoning abilities in Text+Code LLMs
Haritz Puerto, Martin Tutek, Somak Aditya, Xiaodan Zhu, and Iryna Gurevych. 2024 · 2024
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Self-refine instruction-tuning for aligning reasoning in language models
Leonardo Ranaldi and Andre Freitas. 2024 · 2024
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Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning
Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao. 2024 · 2024
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LLMs cannot find reasoning errors, but can correct them given the error location
Gladys Tyen, Hassan Mansoor, Victor Carbune, Peter Chen, and Tony Mak. 2024 · 2024
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Self-contrast: Better reflection through inconsistent solving perspectives
Wenqi Zhang, Yongliang Shen, Linjuan Wu, Qiuying Peng, Jun Wang, Yueting Zhuang, and Weiming Lu. 2024 · 2024
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Acc-collab: An actor-critic approach to multi-agent LLM collaboration
Andrew Estornell, Jean-Francois Ton, Yuanshun Yao, and Yang Liu. 2025 · 2025
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On the self-verification limitations of large language models on reasoning and planning tasks
Kaya Stechly, Karthik Valmeekam, and Subbarao Kambhampati. 2025 · 2025
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Are NLP models really able to solve simple math word problems?
Arkil Patel, Satwik Bhattamishra, and Navin Goyal. 2021 · 2094
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