Built on

J. J. Cowan, C. Sneden, J. E. Lawler, A. Aprahamian, M. Wiescher, K. Langanke, G. Martínez-Pinedo, and F.-K. Thielemann, Origin of the heaviest elements: The rapid neutron-capture process, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93
Original
1901
Earlier work this paper cites.
R. Alves Batista et al. , Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies, Front. Astron. Space Sci. 6
Original
1903
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Castellina (Pierre Auger), AugerPrime: the Pierre Auger Observatory Upgrade, EPJ Web Conf. 210
Original
1905
Earlier work this paper cites.
T. Kajino, W. Aoki, A. B. Balantekin, R. Diehl, M. A. Famiano, and G. J. Mathews, Current status of r -process nucleosynthesis, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 107
Original
1906
Earlier work this paper cites.
V. Decoene, C. Guépin, K. Fang, K. Kotera, and B. D. Metzger, High-energy neutrinos from fallback accretion of binary neutron star merger remnants, JCAP 04
Original
1910
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. M. Burbidge, G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, Synthesis of the elements in stars, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29
1957
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Greisen, Cosmic ray showers, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 10
1960
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Greisen, End to the cosmic ray spectrum?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16
1966
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. T. Zatsepin and V. A. Kuzmin, Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays, JETP Lett. 4
1966
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. W. Stecker, Photodisintegration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays by the universal radiation field, Phys. Rev. 180
1969
Earlier work this paper cites.
H. Akaike, A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19
1974
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Abraham et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 10 18 10^{18} eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory, Phys. Lett. B685
Original
1975
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. L. Puget, F. W. Stecker, and J. H. Bredekamp, Photonuclear Interactions of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays and their Astrophysical Consequences, Astrophys. J. 205
1976
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. M. Hillas, The Origin of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22
1984
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Karakula and W. Tkaczyk, The formation of the cosmic ray energy spectrum by a photon field, Astropart. Phys. 1
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Milgrom and V. Usov, Possible association of ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray events with strong gamma-ray bursts, Astrophys. J. 449
1995
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Waxman, Cosmological origin for cosmic rays above 10**19-eV, Astrophys. J. 452
1995
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. W. Stecker, On the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. Freiburghaus, J.-F. Rembges, T. Rauscher, E. Kolbe, F.-K. Thielemann, K.-L. Kratz, B. Pfeiffer, and J. J. Cowan, The astrophysical r-process: A comparison of calculations following adiabatic expansion with classical calculations based on neutron densities and temperatures, The Astrophysical Journal 516
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. W. Stecker and M. H. Salamon, Photodisintegration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: A New determination, Astrophys. J. 512
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Nagano and A. A. Watson, Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, Rev. Mod. Phys. 72
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.
R. D. Blandford, Acceleration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, Phys. Scripta T 85
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.
L. A. Anchordoqui, M. T. Dova, T. P. McCauley, S. Reucroft, and J. D. Swain, Possible explanation for the tail of the cosmic ray spectrum, Phys. Lett. B 482
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. P. Burnham and D. R. Anderson, Multimodel inference: Understanding aic and bic in model selection, Sociological Methods & Research 33
2004
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. J. Koning, S. Hilaire, and M. C. Duijvestijn, TALYS: Comprehensive Nuclear Reaction Modeling, AIP Conf. Proc. 769
2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Lemoine, Extra-galactic magnetic fields and the second knee in the cosmic-ray spectrum, Phys. Rev. D 71
2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Khan, S. Goriely, D. Allard, E. Parizot, T. Suomijarvi, A. J. Koning, S. Hilaire, and M. C. Duijvestijn, Photodisintegration of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays revisited, Astropart. Phys. 23
2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
Koning, A. J., Hilaire, S., and Duijvestijn, M. C., TALYS-1.0, International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology , 211 (2007)
2007
Earlier work this paper cites.
V. Berezinsky and A. Z. Gazizov, Diffusion of Cosmic Rays in the Expanding Universe. 2. Energy Spectra of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays, Astrophys. J. 669
2007
Earlier work this paper cites.
R. U. Abbasi et al. (HiRes Collaboration), First observation of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin suppression, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100
2008
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Abraham et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4 × 10 19 4\times 10^{19} eV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101
Original
2008
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Murase, K. Ioka, S. Nagataki, and T. Nakamura, High-energy cosmic-ray nuclei from high- and low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts and implications for multi-messenger astronomy, Phys. Rev. D78
Original
2008
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Aab et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above 2.5 × 10 18 2.5{\times}10^{18} eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory, Phys. Rev. D 102
Original
2008
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Murase and H. Takami, Implications of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays for Transient Sources in the Auger Era, Astrophys. J. Lett. 690
Original
2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Kotera and A. V. Olinto, The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 49
Original
2011
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

B. D. Metzger, D. Giannios, and S. Horiuchi, Heavy Nuclei Synthesized in Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows as the Source of UHECRs, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 415
Original
2011
Cited alongside, same era.
H. Tokuno et al. , New air fluorescence detectors employed in the Telescope Array experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 676
Original
2012
Cited alongside, same era.
R.-Y. Liu and X.-Y. Wang, Energy spectrum and chemical composition of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays from semi-relativistic hypernovae, Astrophys. J. 746
Original
2012
Cited alongside, same era.
S. Horiuchi, K. Murase, K. Ioka, and P. Meszaros, The survival of nuclei in jets associated with core-collapse supernovae and gamma-ray bursts, Astrophys. J. 753
Original
2012
Cited alongside, same era.
Y. Jiang, B. T. Zhang, and K. Murase, Energetics of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei, Phys. Rev. D 104

Then

I. Bartos and S. Marka, A nearby neutron-star merger explains the actinide abundances in the early Solar System, Nature 569
2019
Later among the works it cites.
D. M. Siegel, J. Barnes, and B. D. Metzger, Collapsars as a major source of r-process elements, Nature 569
Original
2019
Later among the works it cites.
A. Yushkov (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays with Energies above 10 17.2
2020
Later among the works it cites.
D. Yong et al. , r-Process elements from magnetorotational hypernovae, Nature 595
Original
2021
Later among the works it cites.
M. Bhattacharya, S. Horiuchi, and K. Murase, On the synthesis of heavy nuclei in protomagnetar outflows and implications for ultra-high energy cosmic rays, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 514
Original

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2024

Ultraheavy Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays

Zhang, B. Theodore, Murase, Kohta, Ekanger, Nick et al.

Understand

We investigate the propagation of ultraheavy (UH) nuclei as ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs).

We show that their energy loss lengths at $\lesssim300$ EeV are significantly longer than those of protons and intermediate-mass nuclei, and that the highest-energy cosmic rays with energies beyond $\sim100$ EeV, including the Amaterasu particle, may be UH-UHECRs.
For the first time, we derive constraints on the contribution of UH-UHECR sources, and find that the current data are consistent with energy generation rate densities of UHECRs from collapsars and neutron star mergers.
Our model predicts that the mean value of the depth of shower maximum is lower than that for iron nuclei beyond 100 EeV, which can be tested with future composition measurements, e.g., AugerPrime and the Global Cosmic Ray Observatory.

Built on

J. J. Cowan, C. Sneden, J. E. Lawler, A. Aprahamian, M. Wiescher, K. Langanke, G. Martínez-Pinedo, and F.-K. Thielemann, Origin of the heaviest elements: The rapid neutron-capture process, Rev. Mod. Phys. 93
Original
1901
Earlier work this paper cites.
R. Alves Batista et al. , Open Questions in Cosmic-Ray Research at Ultrahigh Energies, Front. Astron. Space Sci. 6
Original
1903
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Castellina (Pierre Auger), AugerPrime: the Pierre Auger Observatory Upgrade, EPJ Web Conf. 210
Original
1905
Earlier work this paper cites.
T. Kajino, W. Aoki, A. B. Balantekin, R. Diehl, M. A. Famiano, and G. J. Mathews, Current status of r -process nucleosynthesis, Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 107
Original
1906
Earlier work this paper cites.
V. Decoene, C. Guépin, K. Fang, K. Kotera, and B. D. Metzger, High-energy neutrinos from fallback accretion of binary neutron star merger remnants, JCAP 04
Original
1910
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. M. Burbidge, G. R. Burbidge, W. A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle, Synthesis of the elements in stars, Rev. Mod. Phys. 29
1957
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Greisen, Cosmic ray showers, Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 10
1960
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Greisen, End to the cosmic ray spectrum?, Phys. Rev. Lett. 16
1966
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. T. Zatsepin and V. A. Kuzmin, Upper limit of the spectrum of cosmic rays, JETP Lett. 4
1966
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. W. Stecker, Photodisintegration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays by the universal radiation field, Phys. Rev. 180
1969
Earlier work this paper cites.
H. Akaike, A new look at the statistical model identification, IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 19
1974
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Abraham et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Measurement of the energy spectrum of cosmic rays above 10 18 10^{18} eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory, Phys. Lett. B685
Original
1975
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. L. Puget, F. W. Stecker, and J. H. Bredekamp, Photonuclear Interactions of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays and their Astrophysical Consequences, Astrophys. J. 205
1976
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. M. Hillas, The Origin of Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic Rays, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 22
1984
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Karakula and W. Tkaczyk, The formation of the cosmic ray energy spectrum by a photon field, Astropart. Phys. 1
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Milgrom and V. Usov, Possible association of ultrahigh-energy cosmic ray events with strong gamma-ray bursts, Astrophys. J. 449
1995
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Waxman, Cosmological origin for cosmic rays above 10**19-eV, Astrophys. J. 452
1995
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. W. Stecker, On the origin of the highest energy cosmic rays, Phys. Rev. Lett. 80
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. Freiburghaus, J.-F. Rembges, T. Rauscher, E. Kolbe, F.-K. Thielemann, K.-L. Kratz, B. Pfeiffer, and J. J. Cowan, The astrophysical r-process: A comparison of calculations following adiabatic expansion with classical calculations based on neutron densities and temperatures, The Astrophysical Journal 516
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
F. W. Stecker and M. H. Salamon, Photodisintegration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays: A New determination, Astrophys. J. 512
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Nagano and A. A. Watson, Observations and implications of the ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, Rev. Mod. Phys. 72
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.
R. D. Blandford, Acceleration of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays, Phys. Scripta T 85
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.
L. A. Anchordoqui, M. T. Dova, T. P. McCauley, S. Reucroft, and J. D. Swain, Possible explanation for the tail of the cosmic ray spectrum, Phys. Lett. B 482
2000
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. P. Burnham and D. R. Anderson, Multimodel inference: Understanding aic and bic in model selection, Sociological Methods & Research 33
2004
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. J. Koning, S. Hilaire, and M. C. Duijvestijn, TALYS: Comprehensive Nuclear Reaction Modeling, AIP Conf. Proc. 769
2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
M. Lemoine, Extra-galactic magnetic fields and the second knee in the cosmic-ray spectrum, Phys. Rev. D 71
2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Khan, S. Goriely, D. Allard, E. Parizot, T. Suomijarvi, A. J. Koning, S. Hilaire, and M. C. Duijvestijn, Photodisintegration of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays revisited, Astropart. Phys. 23
2005
Earlier work this paper cites.
Koning, A. J., Hilaire, S., and Duijvestijn, M. C., TALYS-1.0, International Conference on Nuclear Data for Science and Technology , 211 (2007)
2007
Earlier work this paper cites.
V. Berezinsky and A. Z. Gazizov, Diffusion of Cosmic Rays in the Expanding Universe. 2. Energy Spectra of Ultra-High Energy Cosmic Rays, Astrophys. J. 669
2007
Earlier work this paper cites.
R. U. Abbasi et al. (HiRes Collaboration), First observation of the Greisen-Zatsepin-Kuzmin suppression, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100
2008
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Abraham et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Observation of the suppression of the flux of cosmic rays above 4 × 10 19 4\times 10^{19} eV, Phys. Rev. Lett. 101
Original
2008
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Murase, K. Ioka, S. Nagataki, and T. Nakamura, High-energy cosmic-ray nuclei from high- and low-luminosity gamma-ray bursts and implications for multi-messenger astronomy, Phys. Rev. D78
Original
2008
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Aab et al. (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Measurement of the cosmic-ray energy spectrum above 2.5 × 10 18 2.5{\times}10^{18} eV using the Pierre Auger Observatory, Phys. Rev. D 102
Original
2008
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Murase and H. Takami, Implications of Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic Rays for Transient Sources in the Auger Era, Astrophys. J. Lett. 690
Original
2009
Earlier work this paper cites.
K. Kotera and A. V. Olinto, The Astrophysics of Ultrahigh Energy Cosmic Rays, Ann. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 49
Original
2011
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

B. D. Metzger, D. Giannios, and S. Horiuchi, Heavy Nuclei Synthesized in Gamma-Ray Burst Outflows as the Source of UHECRs, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 415
Original
2011
Cited alongside, same era.
H. Tokuno et al. , New air fluorescence detectors employed in the Telescope Array experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 676
Original
2012
Cited alongside, same era.
R.-Y. Liu and X.-Y. Wang, Energy spectrum and chemical composition of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays from semi-relativistic hypernovae, Astrophys. J. 746
Original
2012
Cited alongside, same era.
S. Horiuchi, K. Murase, K. Ioka, and P. Meszaros, The survival of nuclei in jets associated with core-collapse supernovae and gamma-ray bursts, Astrophys. J. 753
Original
2012
Cited alongside, same era.
Y. Jiang, B. T. Zhang, and K. Murase, Energetics of ultrahigh-energy cosmic-ray nuclei, Phys. Rev. D 104

Then

I. Bartos and S. Marka, A nearby neutron-star merger explains the actinide abundances in the early Solar System, Nature 569
2019
Later among the works it cites.
D. M. Siegel, J. Barnes, and B. D. Metzger, Collapsars as a major source of r-process elements, Nature 569
Original
2019
Later among the works it cites.
A. Yushkov (Pierre Auger Collaboration), Mass Composition of Cosmic Rays with Energies above 10 17.2
2020
Later among the works it cites.
D. Yong et al. , r-Process elements from magnetorotational hypernovae, Nature 595
Original
2021
Later among the works it cites.
M. Bhattacharya, S. Horiuchi, and K. Murase, On the synthesis of heavy nuclei in protomagnetar outflows and implications for ultra-high energy cosmic rays, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 514
Original

Beyond the bibliography

alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.

Open on alphaXiv

alphaXiv is searching for related work…

Original

2012

Cited alongside, same era.

R. C. Gilmore, R. S. Somerville, J. R. Primack, and A. Dominguez, Semi-analytic modeling of the EBL and consequences for extragalactic gamma-ray spectra, Mon. Not. Roy. Astron. Soc. 422

Original

2012

Cited alongside, same era.

K. Fang, K. Kotera, and A. V. Olinto, Newly-born pulsars as sources of ultrahigh energy cosmic rays, Astrophys. J. 750

Original

2012

Cited alongside, same era.

H. Takami and K. Murase, The Role of Structured Magnetic Fields on Constraining Properties of Transient Sources of Ultra-high-energy Cosmic Rays, Astrophys. J. 748

Original

2012

Cited alongside, same era.

K. Murase, C. D. Dermer, H. Takami, and G. Migliori, Blazars as Ultra-High-Energy Cosmic-Ray Sources: Implications for TeV Gamma-Ray Observations, Astrophys. J. 749

Original

2012

Cited alongside, same era.

R. Jansson and G. R. Farrar, The Galactic Magnetic Field, Astrophys. J. Lett. 761

Original

2012

Cited alongside, same era.

T. Abu-Zayyad et al. (Telescope Array Collaborations), The surface detector array of the Telescope Array experiment, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. A 689

Original

2013

Cited alongside, same era.

A. Aab et al. (Pierre Auger Collaborations), Depth of Maximum of Air-Shower Profiles at the Pierre Auger Observatory: Measurements at Energies above 10 17.8 10^{17.8} eV, Phys. Rev. D 90

Original

2014

Cited alongside, same era.

2022