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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly being introduced in workplace settings, with the goals of improving efficiency and fairness.
Bias in Online Freelance Marketplaces: Evidence from TaskRabbit and Fiverr. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work and Social Computing (Portland, Oregon, USA) (CSCW ’17) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1914–1933
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The Equal Protection of the Laws
Jospeh Tussman and Jacobus TenBroek. 1949 · 1949
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Racial Discrimination in England
W. W. Daniel. 1968 · 1968
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Measuring Discrimination in American Housing Markets: The Housing Market Practices Survey
Ronald E. Wienk, Clifford E. Reid, Simonson John C., and Frederick J. Eggers. 1979 · 1979
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Employer hiring practices: differential treatment of Hispanic and Anglo Job Seekers
Harry Cross. 1990 · 1990
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Mapping the Margins: Intersectionality, Identity Politics, and Violence against Women of Color
Kimberlé Williams Crenshaw. 1991 · 1991
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Discrimination towards disabled people seeking employment
Jean-François Ravaud, Béatrice Madiot, and Isabelle Ville. 1992 · 1992
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Primary error detection and minimization (PEDMIN) strategies in social cognition: A reinterpretation of confirmation bias phenomena
James Friedrich. 1993 · 1993
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Shaping the Web: Why the Politics of Search Engines Matters
Helen Nissenbaum Lucas D. Introna. 2000 · 2000
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The Glass Ceiling Effect
David A. Cotter, Joan M. Hermsen, Seth Ovadia, and Reeve Vanneman. 2001 · 2001
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Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination
Marianne Bertrand and Sendhil Mullainathan. 2004 · 2004
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Getting a job: Is there a motherhood penalty?
Shelley J. Correll, Stephen Benard, and In Paik. 2007 · 2007
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Sexual orientation discrimination in the labour market
Nick Drydakis. 2009 · 2008
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The Politics of Search: A Decade Retrospective
Laura A. Granka. 2010 · 2010
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An Experimental Investigation of Age Discrimination in the English Labor Market
Peter A. Riach and Judith Rich. 2010 · 2010
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Why Do Skilled Immigrants Struggle in the Labor Market? A Field Experiment with Thirteen Thousand Resumes
Philip Oreopoulos. 2011 · 2011
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A Field Experiment of Discrimination in the Norwegian Housing Market: Gender, Class, and Ethnicity
Lisa Andersson, Niklas Jakobsson, and Andreas Kotsadam. 2012 · 2012
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Field Experiment Tests for Discrimination against Hispanics in the U.S. Rental Housing Market
Andrew Hanson and Michael Santas. 2014 · 2012
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Detecting price and search discrimination on the internet. In Proceedings of the 11th ACM Workshop on Hot Topics in Networks (Redmond, Washington) (HotNets-XI) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 79–84
Jakub Mikians, László Gyarmati, Vijay Erramilli, and Nikolaos Laoutaris. 2012 · 2012
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Are Gay Men and Lesbians Discriminated Against When Applying for Jobs? A Four-City, Internet-Based Field Experiment
Michael Wallace John Bailey and Bradley Wright. 2013 · 2013
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Google Search: Hyper-visibility as a Means of Rendering Black Women and Girls Invisible
Safiya Umoja Noble. 2013 · 2013
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Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery: Google ads, black names and white names, racial discrimination, and click advertising
Latanya Sweeney. 2013 · 2013
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Measuring Price Discrimination and Steering on E-commerce Web Sites. In Proceedings of the 2014 Conference on Internet Measurement Conference (Vancouver, BC, Canada) (IMC ’14) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 305–318
Aniko Hannak, Gary Soeller, David Lazer, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson. 2014 · 2014
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Sex Discrimination and Employment Practices: An Experiment with Unconventional Job Inquiries
Richard M. Levinson. 2014 · 2014
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Auditing Algorithms: Research Methods for Detecting Discrimination on Internet Platforms
Christian Sandvig, Kevin Hamilton, Karrie Karahalios, and Cedric Langbort. 2014 · 2014
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Peeking Beneath the Hood of Uber. In Proceedings of the 2015 Internet Measurement Conference (Tokyo, Japan) (IMC ’15) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 495–508
Le Chen, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson. 2015 · 2015
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Insurance, race/ethnicity, and sex in the search for a new physician
Rajiv Sharma, Arnab Mitra, and Miron Stano. 2015 · 2015
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Discrimination of tenants with a visual impairment on the housing market: Empirical evidence from correspondence tests
Pieter-Paul Verhaeghe, Koen Van der Bracht, and Bart Van de Putte. 2016 · 2015
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Whitened Résumés: Race and Self-Presentation in the Labor Market
Sonia K. Kang, Katherine A. DeCelles, András Tilcsik, and Sora Jun. 2016 · 2016
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“Sorry, I’m Not Accepting New Patients”: An Audit Study of Access to Mental Health Care
Heather Kugelmass. 2016 · 2016
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Discrimination against Queer Women in the U.S. Workforce: A Résumé Audit Study
Emma Mishel. 2016 · 2016
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Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy
Cathy O’Neil. 2016 · 2016
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Class Advantage, Commitment Penalty: The Gendered Effect of Social Class Signals in an Elite Labor Market
Lauren A. Rivera and András Tilcsik. 2016 · 2016
Cited alongside, same era.
Discrimination Against Female Migrants Wearing Headscarves
Doris Weichselbaumer. 2016 · 2016
Cited alongside, same era.
Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases
Aylin Caliskan, Joanna J. Bryson, and Arvind Narayanan. 2017 · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
Factors Determining Callbacks to Job Applications by the Unemployed: An Audit Study
Henry S. Farber, Dan Silverman, and Till M. von Wachter. 2017 · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
Gender Bias and Sexism in Language
Michela Menegatti and Monica Rubini. 2017 · 2017
Cited alongside, same era.
Are We Exposed to the Same “News” in the News Feed?
Anja Bechmann and Kristoffer L. Nielbo. 2018 · 2018
Intersectional bias in causal language models
Liam Magee, Lida Ghahremanlou, Karen Soldatic, and Shanthi Robertson. 2021 · 2021
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An Image of Society: Gender and Racial Representation and Impact in Image Search Results for Occupations
Danaë Metaxa, Michelle A. Gan, Su Goh, Jeff Hancock, and James A. Landay. 2021a · 2021
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Auditing Algorithms: Understanding Algorithmic Systems from the Outside In
Danaë Metaxa, Joon Sung Park, Ronald E. Robertson, Karrie Karahalios, Christo Wilson, Jeff Hancock, and Christian Sandvig. 2021b · 2021
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A Silicon Valley love triangle: Hiring algorithms, pseudo-science, and the quest for auditability
Mona Sloane, Emanuel Moss, and Rumman Chowdhury. 2022 · 2021
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Labor force characteristics by race and ethnicity, 2021
U.S. Bureau Of Labor Statistics. 2023a · 2021
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Cited alongside, same era.
Help Wanted: An Examination of Hiring Algorithms, Equity, and Bias
Miranda Bogen and Aaron Rieke. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 81) , Sorelle A. Friedler and Christo Wilson (Eds.). PMLR, 77–91
Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Investigating the Impact of Gender on Rank in Resume Search Engines. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI ’18) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–14
Le Chen, Ruijun Ma, Anikó Hannák, and Christo Wilson. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Audit studies: Behind the scenes with theory, method, and nuance . Vol. 14
S. M. Gaddis (Ed.). 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Governance and control of sharing economy platforms: Hosting on Airbnb
Giulia Leoni and Lee D. Parker. 2019 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Potential for Discrimination in Online Targeted Advertising. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 81) , Sorelle A. Friedler and Christo Wilson (Eds.). PMLR, 5–19
Till Speicher, Muhammad Ali, Giridhari Venkatadri, Filipe Nunes Ribeiro, George Arvanitakis, Fabrício Benevenuto, Krishna P. Gummadi, Patrick Loiseau, and Alan Mislove. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Ethical and social risks of harm from language models
Laura Weidinger, John Mellor, Maribeth Rauh, Conor Griffin, Jonathan Uesato, Po-Sen Huang, Myra Cheng, Mia Glaese, Borja Balle, Atoosa Kasirzadeh, et al · 2021
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Selecting Names for Experiments on Ethnic Discrimination
Stijn Baert, Louis Lippens, and Hannah Van Borm. 2022 · 2022
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Resume Dataset
Snehaan Bhawal. 2022 · 2022
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The Idea Machine: LLM-based Expansion, Rewriting, Combination, and Suggestion of Ideas. In Proceedings of the 14th Conference on Creativity and Cognition (Venice, Italy) (C&C ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 623–627
Giulia Di Fede, Davide Rocchesso, Steven P. Dow, and Salvatore Andolina. 2022 · 2022
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Sparks: Inspiration for Science Writing using Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2022 ACM Designing Interactive Systems Conference (Virtual Event, Australia) (DIS ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1002–1019
Katy Ilonka Gero, Vivian Liu, and Lydia Chilton. 2022 · 2022
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CoAuthor: Designing a Human-AI Collaborative Writing Dataset for Exploring Language Model Capabilities. In Proceedings of the 2022 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 388, 19 pages
Mina Lee, Percy Liang, and Qian Yang. 2022 · 2022
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An empirical evaluation of GitHub copilot’s code suggestions. In Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania) (MSR ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–5
Nhan Nguyen and Sarah Nadi. 2022 · 2022
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Resume Format, LinkedIn URLs and Other Unexpected Influences on AI Personality Prediction in Hiring: Results of an Audit. In Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (Oxford, United Kingdom) (AIES ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 572–587
Alene Rhea, Kelsey Markey, Lauren D’Arinzo, Hilke Schellmann, Mona Sloane, Paul Squires, and Julia Stoyanovich. 2022 · 2022
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Interactive and Visual Prompt Engineering for Ad-hoc Task Adaptation with Large Language Models
Hendrik Strobelt, Albert Webson, Victor Sanh, Benjamin Hoover, Johanna Beyer, Hanspeter Pfister, and Alexander M. Rush. 2023 · 2022
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Wordcraft: Story Writing With Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (Helsinki, Finland) (IUI ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 841–852
Ann Yuan, Andy Coenen, Emily Reif, and Daphne Ippolito. 2022 · 2022
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Machine Bias
Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner. 2023 · 2023
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Navigating a Black Box: Students’ Experiences and Perceptions of Automated Hiring. In Proceedings of the 2023 ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research - Volume 1 (Chicago, IL, USA) (ICER ’23) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 148–158
Lena Armstrong, Jayne Everson, and Amy J. Ko. 2023 · 2023
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Validated names for experimental studies on race and ethnicity
Charles Crabtree, Jae Yeon Kim, S Michael Gaddis, John B Holbein, Cameron Guage, and William W Marx. 2023 · 2023
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Fluid Transformers and Creative Analogies: Exploring Large Language Models’ Capacity for Augmenting Cross-Domain Analogical Creativity. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Creativity and Cognition (Virtual Event, USA) (C&C ’23) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 489–505
Zijian Ding, Arvind Srinivasan, Stephen Macneil, and Joel Chan. 2023 · 2023
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ChatGPT and the Future of Work: a Comprehensive Analysis of AI’s Impact on Jobs and Employment
A. Shaji George, A.S. Hovan George, and A.S. Gabrio Martin. 2023 · 2023
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CausalMapper: Challenging designers to think in systems with Causal Maps and Large Language Model. In Proceedings of the 15th Conference on Creativity and Cognition (Virtual Event, USA) (C&C ’23) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 325–329
Ziheng Huang, Kexin Quan, Joel Chan, and Stephen MacNeil. 2023 · 2023
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Gender bias and stereotypes in Large Language Models. In Proceedings of The ACM Collective Intelligence Conference (Delft, Netherlands) (CI ’23) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 12–24
Hadas Kotek, Rikker Dockum, and David Sun. 2023 · 2023
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Co-Writing Screenplays and Theatre Scripts with Language Models: Evaluation by Industry Professionals. In Proceedings of the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Hamburg, Germany) (CHI ’23) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 355, 34 pages
Piotr Mirowski, Kory W. Mathewson, Jaylen Pittman, and Richard Evans. 2023 · 2023
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GitHub Copilot AI pair programmer: Asset or Liability?
Arghavan Moradi Dakhel, Vahid Majdinasab, Amin Nikanjam, Foutse Khomh, Michel C. Desmarais, and Zhen Ming (Jack) Jiang. 2023 · 2023
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ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope
Partha Pratim Ray. 2023 · 2023
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Efficient Resume Classification Through Rapid Dataset Creation Using ChatGPT. In 2023 14th International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems & Applications (IISA) . 1–5
Panagiotis Skondras, George Psaroudakis, Panagiotis Zervas, and Giannis Tzimas. 2023 · 2023
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Akshaj Kumar Veldanda, Fabian Grob, Shailja Thakur, Hammond Pearce, Benjamin Tan, Ramesh Karri, and Siddharth Garg. 2023 · 2023
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AI auditing: The Broken Bus on the Road to AI Accountability. In 2024 IEEE Conf. on Secure and Trustworthy Machine Learning (SaTML) . IEEE Computer Society, Los Alamitos, CA, USA, 612–643
Abeba Birhane, Ryan Steed, Victor Ojewale, Briana Vecchione, and Inioluwa Deborah Raji. 2024 · 2024
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Auditing Work: Exploring the New York City algorithmic bias audit regime. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (FAccT ’24) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1107–1120
Lara Groves, Jacob Metcalf, Alayna Kennedy, Briana Vecchione, and Andrew Strait. 2024 · 2024
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Computer says ‘no’: Exploring systemic bias in ChatGPT using an audit approach
Louis Lippens. 2024 · 2024
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Null Compliance: NYC Local Law 144 and the challenges of algorithm accountability. In Proceedings of the 2024 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) (FAccT ’24) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1701–1713
Lucas Wright, Roxana Mika Muenster, Briana Vecchione, Tianyao Qu, Pika (Senhuang) Cai, Alan Smith, Comm 2450 Student Investigators, Jacob Metcalf, and J. Nathan Matias. 2024 · 2024
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OpenAI’s GPT Is a Recruiter’s Dream Tool. Tests Show There’s Racial Bias
Leon Yin, Davey Alba, and Nicoletti Leonardo. 2024 · 2024
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