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2024

Strong-to-Weak Spontaneous Symmetry Breaking in Mixed Quantum States

Lessa, Leonardo A., Ma, Ruochen, Zhang, Jian-Hao et al.

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Symmetry in mixed quantum states can manifest in two distinct forms: strong symmetry, where each individual pure state in the quantum ensemble is symmetric with the same charge, and weak symmetry, which applies only to the entire ensemble.

This paper explores a novel type of spontaneous symmetry breaking (SSB) where a strong symmetry is broken to a weak one.
While the SSB of a weak symmetry is measured by the long-ranged two-point correlation function, the strong-to-weak SSB (SW-SSB) is measured by the fidelity correlator.
We prove that SW-SSB is a universal property of mixed-state quantum phases, in the sense that the phenomenon of SW-SSB is robust against symmetric low-depth local quantum channels.

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