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Recent work has demonstrated that the latent spaces of large language models (LLMs) contain directions predictive of the truth of sentences.
The Truth-Value Judgment Task
Peter Gordon · 1996
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A large annotated corpus for learning natural language inference
Samuel R. Bowman, Gabor Angeli, Christopher Potts, and Christopher D. Manning · 2015
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Think you have Solved Question Answering? Try ARC, the AI2 Reasoning Challenge, March 2018
Peter Clark, Isaac Cowhey, Oren Etzioni, Tushar Khot, Ashish Sabharwal, Carissa Schoenick, and Oyvind Tafjord · 2018
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Towards Faithfully Interpretable NLP Systems: How Should We Define and Evaluate Faithfulness?
Alon Jacovi and Yoav Goldberg · 2020
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Explaining Answers with Entailment Trees
Bhavana Dalvi, Peter Jansen, Oyvind Tafjord, Zhengnan Xie, Hannah Smith, Leighanna Pipatanangkura, and Peter Clark · 2021
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Discovering Latent Knowledge in Language Models Without Supervision
Collin Burns, Haotian Ye, Dan Klein, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2023
Earlier work this paper cites.
Challenges with unsupervised LLM knowledge discovery, December 2023
Sebastian Farquhar, Vikrant Varma, Zachary Kenton, Johannes Gasteiger, Vladimir Mikulik, and Rohin Shah · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Inference-Time Intervention: Eliciting Truthful Answers from a Language Model
Kenneth Li, Oam Patel, Fernanda Viégas, Hanspeter Pfister, and Martin Wattenberg · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Hypothesis Only Baselines in Natural Language Inference
Adam Poliak, Jason Naradowsky, Aparajita Haldar, Rachel Rudinger, and Benjamin Van Durme · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Large language models can be easily distracted by irrelevant context
Freda Shi, Xinyun Chen, Kanishka Misra, Nathan Scales, David Dohan, Ed Chi, Nathanael Schärli, and Denny Zhou · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models, July 2023
Hugo Touvron, Louis Martin, Kevin Stone, Peter Albert, Amjad Almahairi, Yasmine Babaei, Nikolay Bashlykov, Soumya Batra, Prajjwal Bhargava, Shruti Bhosale, Dan Bikel, Lukas Blecher, Cristian Canton Ferrer, Moya Chen, Guillem Cucurull, David Esiobu, Jude Fernandes, Jeremy Fu, Wenyin Fu, Brian Fuller, Cynthia Gao, Vedanuj Goswami, Naman Goyal, Anthony Hartshorn, Saghar Hosseini, Rui Hou, Hakan Inan, Marcin Kardas, Viktor Kerkez, Madian Khabsa, Isabel Kloumann, Artem Korenev, Punit Singh Koura, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Thibaut Lavril, Jenya Lee, Diana Liskovich, Yinghai Lu, Yuning Mao, Xavier Martinet, Todor Mihaylov, Pushkar Mishra, Igor Molybog, Yixin Nie, Andrew Poulton, Jeremy Reizenstein, Rashi Rungta, Kalyan Saladi, Alan Schelten, Ruan Silva, Eric Michael Smith, Ranjan Subramanian, Xiaoqing Ellen Tan, Binh Tang, Ross Taylor, Adina Williams, Jian Xiang Kuan, Puxin Xu, Zheng Yan, Iliyan Zarov, Yuchen Zhang, Angela Fan, Melanie Kambadur, Sharan Narang, Aurelien Rodriguez, Robert Stojnic, Sergey Edunov, and Thomas Scialom · 2023
OLMo: Accelerating the Science of Language Models
Dirk Groeneveld, Iz Beltagy, Evan Walsh, Akshita Bhagia, Rodney Kinney, Oyvind Tafjord, Ananya Jha, Hamish Ivison, Ian Magnusson, Yizhong Wang, Shane Arora, David Atkinson, Russell Authur, Khyathi Chandu, Arman Cohan, Jennifer Dumas, Yanai Elazar, Yuling Gu, Jack Hessel, Tushar Khot, William Merrill, Jacob Morrison, Niklas Muennighoff, Aakanksha Naik, Crystal Nam, Matthew Peters, Valentina Pyatkin, Abhilasha Ravichander, Dustin Schwenk, Saurabh Shah, William Smith, Emma Strubell, Nishant Subramani, Mitchell Wortsman, Pradeep Dasigi, Nathan Lambert, Kyle Richardson, Luke Zettlemoyer, Jesse Dodge, Kyle Lo, Luca Soldaini, Noah Smith, and Hannaneh Hajishirzi · 2024
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Still no lie detector for language models: probing empirical and conceptual roadblocks
Benjamin A. Levinstein and Daniel A. Herrmann · 2024
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The Geometry of Truth: Emergent Linear Structure in Large Language Model Representations of True/False Datasets
Samuel Marks and Max Tegmark · 2024
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Propositional Interpretability in Artificial Intelligence, January 2025
David J. Chalmers · 2025
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Cited alongside, same era.
Truth is Universal: Robust Detection of Lies in LLMs
Lennart Bürger, Fred A. Hamprecht, and Boaz Nadler · 2024
Cited alongside, same era.
Daniel A. Herrmann and Benjamin A. Levinstein · 2025
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