A Note on Approximate Hadamard Matrices

Understand

A Hadamard matrix is a scaled orthogonal matrix with $\pm 1$ entries.

• Such matrices exist in certain dimensions: the Hadamard conjecture is that such a matrix always exists when $n$ is a multiple of 4.
• A conjecture attributed to Ryser is that no circulant Hadamard matrices exist when $n > 4$.
• Recently, Dong and Rudelson proved the existence of approximate Hadamard matrices in all dimensions: there exist universal $0< c < C < \infty$ so that for all $n \geq 1$, there is a matrix $A \in \left\{-1,1\right\}^{n \times n}$ satisfying, for all $x \in \mathbb{R}^n$, $$ c \sqrt{n} \|x\|_2 \leq \|Ax\|_2 \leq C \sqrt{n} \|x\|_2.$$ We observe that, as a consequence of the existence of flat Littlewood polynomials, circulant approximate Hadamard matrices exist for all $n \geq 1$.