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There is increasing interest in the application large language models (LLMs) to the medical field, in part because of their impressive performance on medical exam questions.
The economics of health care quality and medical errors
Andel, C., Davidow, S. L., Hollander, M. & Moreno, D. A · 2012
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Health workforce requirements for universal health coverage and the sustainable development goals
Organization, W. H. et al · 2016
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Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences
Christiano, P. F. et al · 2017
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Language models are few-shot learners
Brown, T. et al · 2020
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Bias in medicine: lessons learned and mitigation strategies
Hammond, M. E. H., Stehlik, J., Drakos, S. G. & Kfoury, A. G · 2021
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What disease does this patient have? a large-scale open domain question answering dataset from medical exams
Jin, D. et al · 2021
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Implicit bias in healthcare: clinical practice, research and decision making
Gopal, D. P., Chetty, U., O’Donnell, P., Gajria, C. & Blackadder-Weinstein, J · 2021
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Pathways: Asynchronous distributed dataflow for ml
Barham, P. et al · 2022
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Lamda: Language models for dialog applications
Thoppilan, R. et al · 2022
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Can large language models reason about medical questions?
Liévin, V., Hother, C. E. & Winther, O · 2022
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Zhang, J. et al · 2023
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Doctor versus ai: Patient and physician evaluation of large language model responses to rheumatology patient questions, a cross sectional study
Ye, C., Zweck, E., Ma, Z., Smith, J. & Katz, S · 2023
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Can generalist foundation models outcompete special-purpose tuning? case study in medicine
Nori, H. et al · 2023
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Embracing large language models for medical applications: Opportunities and challenges
Gpt-4 technical report (2023)
OpenAI et al · 2023
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Pmc-llama: Towards building open-source language models for medicine (2023)
Wu, C. et al · 2023
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Large language models in medicine
Thirunavukarasu, A. J. et al · 2023
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Self-diagnosis and large language models: A new front for medical misinformation
Barnard, F., Van Sittert, M. & Rambhatla, S · 2023
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Attention is not all you need: the complicated case of ethically using large language models in healthcare and medicine
Harrer, S · 2023
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Towards expert-level medical question answering with large language models
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Karabacak, M. & Margetis, K · 2023
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Large language models propagate race-based medicine
Omiye, J. A., Lester, J. C., Spichak, S., Rotemberg, V. & Daneshjou, R · 2023
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Meditron-70b: Scaling medical pretraining for large language models
Chen, Z. et al · 2023
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Language models are susceptible to incorrect patient self-diagnosis in medical applications
Ziaei, R. & Schmidgall, S · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Touvron, H. et al · 2023
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Singhal, K. et al · 2023
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Large language models encode clinical knowledge
Singhal, K. et al · 2023
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Assessing the potential of gpt-4 to perpetuate racial and gender biases in health care: a model evaluation study
Zack, T. et al · 2024
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Jiang, A. Q. et al · 2024
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