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This study compared the classification performance of Gemini Pro and GPT-4V in educational settings.
An application of hierarchical kappa-type statistics in the assessment of majority agreement among multiple observers
J. Richard Landis and Gary G. Koch. 1977 · 1977
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Next Generation Science Standards: For States, By States
NGSS Lead States. 2013 · 2013
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Artificial general intelligence: concept, state of the art, and future prospects
Ben Goertzel. 2014 · 2014
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VQA: Visual Question Answering. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Computer Vision . 2425–2433
Stanislaw Antol, Aishwarya Agrawal, Jiasen Lu, Margaret Mitchell, Dhruv Batra, C. Lawrence Zitnick, and Devi Parikh. 2015 · 2015
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Intelligence Unleashed: An Argument for AI in Education
Rosemary Luckin, Wayne Holmes, Mark Griffiths, and Lauri B. Forcier. 2016 · 2016
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Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences
Paul F Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom Brown, Miljan Martic, Shane Legg, and Dario Amodei. 2017 · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N Gomez, Łukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017 · 2017
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Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2018 · 2018
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Taku Kudo and John Richardson. 2018 · 2018
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Fast transformer decoding: One write-head is all you need
Noam Shazeer. 2019 · 2019
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Scaling laws for autoregressive generative modeling
Tom Henighan, Jared Kaplan, Mor Katz, Mark Chen, Christopher Hesse, Jacob Jackson, Heewoo Jun, Tom B Brown, Prafulla Dhariwal, Scott Gray, et al · 2020
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Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of Artificial Intelligence in Education
Gwo-Jen Hwang, Haoran Xie, Benjamin W. Wah, and Dragan Gašević. 2020 · 2020
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2020
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From substitution to redefinition: A framework of machine learning-based science assessment
Xiaoming Zhai, Kevin C Haudek, Lehong Shi, Ross Nehm, and Mark Urban-Lurain. 2020a · 2020
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Applying machine learning in science assessment: a systematic review
Xiaoming Zhai, Yue Yin, James W Pellegrino, Kevin C Haudek, and Lehong Shi. 2020b · 2020
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Training verifiers to solve math word problems
Karl Cobbe, Vineet Kosaraju, Mohammad Bavarian, Mark Chen, Heewoo Jun, Lukasz Kaiser, Matthias Plappert, Jerry Tworek, Jacob Hilton, Reiichiro Nakano, et al · 2021
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ChatGPT user experience: Implications for education
Xiaoming Zhai. 2022 · 2022
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Applying machine learning to automatically assess scientific models
Xiaoming Zhai, Peng He, and Joseph Krajcik. 2022 · 2022
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An In-depth Look at Gemini’s Language Abilities
Syeda Nahida Akter, Zichun Yu, Aashiq Muhamed, Tianyue Ou, Alex Bäuerle, Ángel Alexander Cabrera, Krish Dholakia, Chenyan Xiong, and Graham Neubig. 2023a · 2023
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An In-depth Look at Gemini’s Language Abilities
Syeda Nahida Akter, Zichun Yu, Aashiq Muhamed, Tianyue Ou, Alex Bäuerle, Ángel Alexander Cabrera, Krish Dholakia, Chenyan Xiong, and Graham Neubig. 2023b · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Can chat GPT replace the role of the teacher in the classroom: A fundamental analysis
Abu Muna Almaududi Ausat, Berdinata Massang, Mukhtar Efendi, Nofirman Nofirman, and Yasir Riady. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Fully Authentic Visual Question Answering Dataset from Online Communities
Chongyan Chen, Mengchen Liu, Noel Codella, Yunsheng Li, Lu Yuan, and Danna Gurari. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
The impact of ChatGPT on higher education
Juan Dempere, Kennedy Prince Modugu, Allam Hesham, and Lakshmana Ramasamy. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Using GPT-4 to Augment Unbalanced Data for Automatic Scoring
Luyang Fang, Gyeong-Geon Lee, and Xiaoming Zhai. 2023 · 2023
An Evaluation of GPT-4V and Gemini in Online VQA
Mengchen Liu and Chongyan Chen. 2023 · 2023
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What Is the Impact of ChatGPT on Education? A Rapid Review of the Literature
Chung Kwan Lo. 2023 · 2023
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GPT-4V (ision) as A Social Media Analysis Engine
Hanjia Lyu, Jinfa Huang, Daoan Zhang, Yongsheng Yu, Xinyi Mou, Jinsheng Pan, Zhengyuan Yang, Zhongyu Wei, and Jiebo Luo. 2023 · 2023
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Timothy R McIntosh, Teo Susnjak, Tong Liu, Paul Watters, and Malka N Halgamuge. 2023 · 2023
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ChatGPT Can Now See, Hear, And Speak
Open AI. 2023a · 2023
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Cited alongside, same era.
A Challenger to GPT-4V? Early Explorations of Gemini in Visual Expertise
Chaoyou Fu, Renrui Zhang, Haojia Lin, Zihan Wang, Timin Gao, Yongdong Luo, Yubo Huang, Zhengye Zhang, Longtian Qiu, Gaoxiang Ye, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Unlocking the power of generative AI models and systems such as GPT-4 and ChatGPT for higher education: A guide for students and lecturers
Henner Gimpel, Kristina Hall, Stefan Decker, Torsten Eymann, Luis Lämmermann, Alexander Mädche, Maximilian Röglinger, Caroline Ruiner, Manfred Schoch, Mareike Schoop, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models
Google. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Tpu v4: An optically reconfigurable supercomputer for machine learning with hardware support for embeddings. In Proceedings of the 50th Annual International Symposium on Computer Architecture . 1–14
Norm Jouppi, George Kurian, Sheng Li, Peter Ma, Rahul Nagarajan, Lifeng Nai, Nishant Patil, Suvinay Subramanian, Andy Swing, Brian Towles, et al · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
AGI: Artificial General Intelligence for Education
Ehsan Latif, Gengchen Mai, Matthew Nyaaba, Xuansheng Wu, Ninghao Liu, Guoyu Lu, Sheng Li, Tianming Liu, and Xiaoming Zhai. 2023a · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Automatic Scoring of Students’ Science Writing Using Hybrid Neural Network
Ehsan Latif and Xiaoming Zhai. 2023 · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
AI Gender Bias, Disparities, and Fairness: Does Training Data Matter?
Ehsan Latif, Xiaoming Zhai, and Lei Liu. 2023b · 2023
Cited alongside, same era.
Open AI. 2023b · 2023
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Gpt-4v(ision) system card
Open AI. 2023c · 2023
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Gpt-4v(ision) technical work and authors
Open AI. 2023d · 2023
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GPT-4V (ision) Unsuitable for Clinical Care and Education: A Clinician-Evaluated Assessment
Senthujan Senkaiahliyan, Augustin Toma, Jun Ma, An-Wen Chan, Andrew Ha, Kevin R An, Hrishikesh Suresh, Barry Rubin, and Bo Wang. 2023 · 2023
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Google’s AI chatbot “Bard”: a side-by-side comparison with ChatGPT and its utilization in ophthalmology
Ethan Waisberg, Joshua Ong, Mouayad Masalkhi, Nasif Zaman, Prithul Sarker, Andrew G Lee, and Alireza Tavakkoli. 2023 · 2023
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Visual chatgpt: Talking, drawing and editing with visual foundation models
Chenfei Wu, Shengming Yin, Weizhen Qi, Xiaodong Wang, Zecheng Tang, and Nan Duan. 2023 · 2023
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Evaluation of a digital ophthalmologist app built by GPT4-V (ision)
Pusheng Xu, Xiaolan Chen, Ziwei Zhao, Yingfeng Zheng, Guangming Jin, Danli Shi, and Mingguang He. 2023 · 2023
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The dawn of lmms: Preliminary explorations with gpt-4v (ision)
Zhengyuan Yang, Linjie Li, Kevin Lin, Jianfeng Wang, Chung-Ching Lin, Zicheng Liu, and Lijuan Wang. 2023 · 2023
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Applications of GPT-4 for Accurate Diagnosis of Retinal Diseases Through Optical coherence tomography Image Recognition
Haotian Yu, Yushan Fu, Bo Jiang, Pan Fan, Ling Shen, Lin Gao, Haomin Lu, Yinmi Zhang, Su Dong, Jin Lv, et al · 2023
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Exploring recommendation capabilities of gpt-4v (ision): A preliminary case study
Peilin Zhou, Meng Cao, You-Liang Huang, Qichen Ye, Peiyan Zhang, Junling Liu, Yueqi Xie, Yining Hua, and Jaeboum Kim. 2023 · 2023
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Minigpt-4: Enhancing vision-language understanding with advanced large language models
Deyao Zhu, Jun Chen, Xiaoqian Shen, Xiang Li, and Mohamed Elhoseiny. 2023 · 2023
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Creating and using instructionally supportive assessments in NGSS classrooms
C. J. Harris, J. S. Krajcik, and J. W. Pellegrino. 2024 · 2024
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OECD Future of Education and Skills 2030: OECD Learning Compass 2030 – A Series of Concept Notes
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2019 · 2030
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