Simultaneous measurements on cosmic curvature and opacity using latest HII regions and $H(z)$ observations

Understand

The different spatial curvatures of the universe affect the measurement of cosmological distances, which may also contribute to explaining the observed dimming of type Ia supernovae.

• This phenomenon may be caused by the opacity of the universe.
• Similarly, the opacity of the universe can lead to a bias in our measurements of curvature.
• Thus, it is necessary to measure cosmic curvature and opacity simultaneously.