Restoring cosmological concordance with axion-like early dark energy and dark matter characterized by a constant equation of state?

Understand

The Hubble tension persists as a challenge in cosmology.

• Even early dark energy (EDE) models, initially considered the most promising for alleviating the Hubble tension, fall short of addressing the issue without exacerbating other tensions, such as the $S_8$ tension.
• Considering that a negative dark matter (DM) equation of state (EoS) parameter is conducive to reduce the value of $\sigma_8$ parameter, we extend the axion-like EDE model in this paper by replacing the cold dark matter (CDM) with DM characterized by a constant EoS $w_{\rm dm}$ (referred as WDM hereafter).
• We then impose constraints on this axion-like EDE extension model, along with three other models: the axion-like EDE model, $\Lambda$WDM, and $\Lambda$CDM.