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The data used to pretrain large language models has a decisive impact on a model's downstream performance, which has led to a large body of work on data selection methods that aim to automatically determine the most suitable data to use for pretraining.
A markovian decision process
RICHARD BELLMAN · 1957
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The nonstochastic multiarmed bandit problem
Peter Auer, Nicolo Cesa-Bianchi, Yoav Freund, and Robert E Schapire · 2002
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Evaluation and analysis of the performance of the exp3 algorithm in stochastic environments
Yevgeny Seldin, Csaba Szepesvári, Peter Auer, and Yasin Abbasi-Yadkori · 2013
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Adam: A method for stochastic optimization
Diederik P. Kingma and Jimmy Ba · 2015
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The pile: An 800gb dataset of diverse text for language modeling, 2020
Leo Gao, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Laurence Golding, Travis Hoppe, Charles Foster, Jason Phang, Horace He, Anish Thite, Noa Nabeshima, Shawn Presser, and Connor Leahy · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Fine-tuning language models from human preferences, 2020
Daniel M. Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B. Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Christiano, and Geoffrey Irving · 2020
Earlier work this paper cites.
Measuring massive multitask language understanding
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Steven Basart, Andy Zou, Mantas Mazeika, Dawn Song, and Jacob Steinhardt · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
GPT-NeoX: Large Scale Autoregressive Language Modeling in PyTorch, 8 2021
Alex Andonian, Quentin Anthony, Stella Biderman, Sid Black, Preetham Gali, Leo Gao, Eric Hallahan, Josh Levy-Kramer, Connor Leahy, Lucas Nestler, Kip Parker, Michael Pieler, Shivanshu Purohit, Tri Songz, Wang Phil, and Samuel Weinbach · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
A few more examples may be worth billions of parameters
Yuval Kirstain, Patrick Lewis, Sebastian Riedel, and Omer Levy · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Finetuned language models are zero-shot learners
Jason Wei, Maarten Bosma, Vincent Zhao, Kelvin Guu, Adams Wei Yu, Brian Lester, Nan Du, Andrew M. Dai, and Quoc V Le · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Scaling up models and data with t5x
Adam Roberts, Hyung Won Chung, Anselm Levskaya, Gaurav Mishra, James Bradbury, Daniel Andor, Sharan Narang, Brian Lester, Colin Gaffney, Afroz Mohiuddin, Curtis Hawthorne, Aitor Lewkowycz, Alex Salcianu, Marc van Zee, Jacob Austin, Sebastian Goodman, Livio Baldini Soares, Haitang Hu, Sasha Tsvyashchenko, Aakanksha Chowdhery, Jasmijn Bastings, Jannis Bulian, Xavier Garcia, Jianmo Ni, Andrew Chen, Kathleen Kenealy, Jonathan H. Clark, Stephan Lee, Dan Garrette, James Lee-Thorp, Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Marvin Ritter, Maarten Bosma, Alexandre Passos, Jeremy Maitin-Shepard, Noah Fiedel, Mark Omernick, Brennan Saeta, Ryan Sepassi, Alexander Spiridonov, Joshua Newlan, and Andrea Gesmundo · 2022
Open llm leaderboard
Edward Beeching, Clémentine Fourrier, Nathan Habib, Sheon Han, Nathan Lambert, Nazneen Rajani, Omar Sanseviero, Lewis Tunstall, and Thomas Wolf · 2023
Closest in time.
LIMA: Less is more for alignment
Chunting Zhou, Pengfei Liu, Puxin Xu, Srini Iyer, Jiao Sun, Yuning Mao, Xuezhe Ma, Avia Efrat, Ping Yu, LILI YU, Susan Zhang, Gargi Ghosh, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Omer Levy · 2023
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Improving few-shot generalization by exploring and exploiting auxiliary data
Alon Albalak, Colin Raffel, and William Yang Wang · 2023
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Doremi: Optimizing data mixtures speeds up language model pretraining
Sang Michael Xie, Hieu Pham, Xuanyi Dong, Nan Du, Hanxiao Liu, Yifeng Lu, Percy Liang, Quoc V Le, Tengyu Ma, and Adams Wei Yu · 2023
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Scaling expert language models with unsupervised domain discovery, 2023
Suchin Gururangan, Margaret Li, Mike Lewis, Weijia Shi, Tim Althoff, Noah A. Smith, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2023
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Cited alongside, same era.
Roformer: Enhanced transformer with rotary position embedding, 2022
Jianlin Su, Yu Lu, Shengfeng Pan, Ahmed Murtadha, Bo Wen, and Yunfeng Liu · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
FlashAttention: Fast and memory-efficient exact attention with IO-awareness
Tri Dao, Daniel Y. Fu, Stefano Ermon, Atri Rudra, and Christopher Ré · 2022
Cited alongside, same era.
Stella Biderman, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Gregory Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O’Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, Shivanshu Purohit, USVSN Sai Prashanth, Edward Raff, et al · 2023
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GPT-NeoX-20B: An open-source autoregressive language model
Sid Black, Stella Biderman, Eric Hallahan, Quentin Anthony, Leo Gao, Laurence Golding, Horace He, Connor Leahy, Kyle McDonell, Jason Phang, Michael Pieler, USVSN Sai Prashanth, Shivanshu Purohit, Laria Reynolds, Jonathan Tow, Ben Wang, and Samuel Weinbach · 2048
Closest in time.