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Recent advancements in generative machine learning have enabled rapid progress in biological design tools (BDTs) such as protein structure and sequence prediction models.
A short history of biological warfare
N. Metcalfe · 2002
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Apache license, version 2.0, section 8, 2004
Apache Software Foundation · 2004
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GNU general public license, version 3.0, section 16, 2007
Free Software Foundation · 2007
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Study on the effect on the development of the information society of European public bodies making their own software available as open source
R. A. Ghosh, R. Glott, K. Gerloff, P.-E. Schmitz, K. Aisola, and A. Boujraf · 2007
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Aum Shinrikyo: Insights into How Terrorists Develop Biological and Chemical Weapons
R. Danzig, M. Sageman, T. Leighton, L. Hough, H. Yuki, R. Kotani, and Z. M. Hosford · 2011
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K. Krishna, G. S. Tomar, A. P. Parikh, N. Papernot, and M. Iyyer · 2019
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Advances in protein structure prediction and design
B. Kuhlman and P. Bradley · 2019
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Model cards for model reporting
M. Mitchell, S. Wu, A. Zaldivar, P. Barnes, L. Vasserman, B. Hutchinson, E. Spitzer, I. D. Raji, and T. Gebru · 2019
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Are current tort liability doctrines adequate for addressing injury caused by AI?
H. R. Sullivan and S. J. Schweikart · 2019
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Scaling laws for neural language models
J. Kaplan, S. McCandlish, T. Henighan, T. B. Brown, B. Chess, R. Child, S. Gray, A. Radford, J. Wu, and D. Amodei · 2020
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Linking engineered cells to their digital twins: A version control system for strain engineering
J. Tellechea-Luzardo, C. Winterhalter, P. Widera, J. Kozyra, V. de Lorenzo, and N. Krasnogor · 2020
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Milling the F/LOSS: Export Controls, Free and Open Source Software, and the Regulatory Future of the Internet
S. Zeitouni · 2020
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Accurate prediction of protein structures and interactions using a three-track neural network
M. Baek, F. DiMaio, I. Anishchenko, J. Dauparas, S. Ovchinnikov, G. R. Lee, J. Wang, Q. Cong, L. N. Kinch, R. D. Schaeffer, et al · 2021
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The Apollo Program for Biodefense: Winning the Race Against Biological Threats
Bipartisan Commission on Biodefense · 2021
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Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold
J. Jumper, R. Evans, A. Pritzel, T. Green, M. Figurnov, O. Ronneberger, K. Tunyasuvunakool, R. Bates, A. Žídek, A. Potapenko, et al · 2021
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Dual Use Research of Concern
U.S. Department of Health & Human Services · 2021
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Understanding Open Source Technology & US Export Controls
S. Winslow, M. Dolan, and J. Perlow · 2021
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Predictability and surprise in large generative models
D. Ganguli, D. Hernandez, L. Lovitt, A. Askell, Y. Bai, A. Chen, T. Conerly, N. Dassarma, D. Drain, N. Elhage, et al · 2022
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AI in small-molecule drug discovery: A coming wave
M. K. Jayatunga, W. Xie, L. Ruder, U. Schulze, and C. Meier · 2022
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Strengthen oversight of risky research on pathogens
J. Pannu, M. J. Palmer, A. Cicero, D. A. Relman, M. Lipsitch, and T. Inglesby · 2022
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Red-teaming the stable diffusion safety filter
J. Rando, D. Paleka, D. Lindner, L. Heim, and F. Tramèr · 2022
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Structured access: an emerging paradigm for safe AI deployment
T. Shevlane · 2022
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Biosecurity in an age of open science
J. A. Smith and J. B. Sandbrink · 2022
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Artificial intelligence and civil liability—do we need a new regime?
B. Soyer and A. Tettenborn · 2022
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Dual use of artificial-intelligence-powered drug discovery
F. Urbina, F. Lentzos, C. Invernizzi, and S. Ekins · 2022
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AlphaFold Protein Structure Database: massively expanding the structural coverage of protein-sequence space with high-accuracy models
M. Varadi, S. Anyango, M. Deshpande, S. Nair, C. Natassia, G. Yordanova, D. Yuan, O. Stroe, G. Wood, A. Laydon, et al · 2022
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Understanding AI-Facilitated Biological Weapon Development
S. Rose and C. Nelson · 2023
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Going Viral: Bioeconomy Defense: Summary Report
C. Sage, J. Ratcliff, S. Oluic, B. Haberman, C. Frick, W. Bowman-Zatzkin, and C. Fracchia · 2023
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J. B. Sandbrink · 2023
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GPT-4 architecture, datasets, costs and more leaked
M. Schreiner · 2023
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Towards best practices in AGI safety and governance: A survey of expert opinion
J. Schuett, N. Dreksler, M. Anderljung, D. McCaffary, L. Heim, E. Bluemke, and B. Garfinkel · 2023
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Frontier AI regulation: Managing emerging risks to public safety
M. Anderljung, J. Barnhart, J. Leung, A. Korinek, C. O’Keefe, J. Whittlestone, S. Avin, M. Brundage, J. Bullock, D. Cass-Beggs, et al · 2023
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Frontier Threats Red Teaming for AI Safety
Anthropic · 2023
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Inside the nascent industry of AI-designed drugs
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Q. L. Campbell, J. Herington, and A. D. White · 2023
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Accurate proteome-wide missense variant effect prediction with AlphaMissense
J. Cheng, G. Novati, J. Pan, C. Bycroft, A. Žemgulytė, T. Applebaum, A. Pritzel, L. H. Wong, M. Zielinski, T. Sargeant, et al · 2023
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Supporting Open Source and Open Science in the EU AI Act
CreativeCommons, EleutherAI, GitHub, HuggingFace, LAION, and OpenFuture · 2023
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Y. Shavit · 2023
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China’s AI Regulations and How They Get Made
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Model evaluation for extreme risks
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A Seismic Shift: The New U.S. Semiconductor Export Controls and the Implications for U.S. Firms, Allies, and the Innovation Ecosystem
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Can large language models democratize access to dual-use biotechnology?
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The gradient of generative AI release: Methods and considerations
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Where Can Federal AI R&D Funding Go the Furthest?
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De novo design of protein structure and function with RFdiffusion
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Exec. Order No. 14110, 88 Fed. Reg. 210 (October 30, 2023)., 2023a
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FACT SHEET: Biden–Harris Administration Secures Voluntary Commitments from Leading Artificial Intelligence Companies to Manage the Risks Posed by AI
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Preventing the Misuse of DNA Synthesis
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Guarding Against Catastrophic Biological Risks: Preventing State Biological Weapon Development and Use by Shaping Intentions
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