Heavy Baryon Dark Matter from $SU(N)$ Confinement: Bubble Wall Velocity and Boundary Effects

Understand

Confinement in $SU(N_{\rm DC})$ Yang-Mills theories is known to proceed through first-order phase transition.

• The wall velocity is bounded by $v_w \lesssim 10^{-6}$ due to the needed time for the substantial latent heat released during the phase transition to dissipate through Hubble expansion.
• Quarks much heavier than the confinement scale can be introduced without changing the confinement dynamics.
• After they freeze-out, heavy quarks are squeezed into pockets of the deconfined phase until they completely annihilate with anti-quarks.