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Algorithm audits are powerful tools for studying black-box systems.
The principles of sociotechnical design
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Social Influence in Social Advertising: Evidence from Field Experiments. In Proceedings of the 13th ACM Conference on Electronic Commerce (Valencia, Spain) (EC ’12) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 146–161
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The Impact of Advertising Location and User Task on the Emergence of Banner Ad Blindness: An Eye-Tracking Study
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Discrimination in Online Ad Delivery
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Automated experiments on ad privacy settings: A tale of opacity, choice, and discrimination
Amit Datta, Michael Carl Tschantz, and Anupam Datta. 2014 · 2014
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Auditing Algorithms: Research Methods for Detecting Discrimination on Internet Platforms
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Social Networks, Personalized Advertising, and Privacy Controls
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Unequal Representation and Gender Stereotypes in Image Search Results for Occupations. In Proceedings of the 33rd Annual ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’15 . ACM Press, Seoul, Republic of Korea, 3819–3828
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Most Smartphone Users Still Rely on Computer for Web Purchases
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Machine bias: There’s software used across the country to predict future criminals. And it’s biased against blacks. ProPublica, May 23
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Facebook Lets Advertisers Exclude Users by Race
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Re-Making Places: HCI, ’Community Building’ and Change. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (San Jose, California, USA) (CHI ’16) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 2958–2969
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Racial discrimination in the sharing economy: Evidence from a field experiment
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Peeking at A/B Tests: Why It Matters, and What to Do about It. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (Halifax, NS, Canada) (KDD ’17) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1517–1525
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Accelerated Hierarchical Density Based Clustering. In Data Mining Workshops (ICDMW), 2017 IEEE International Conference on . IEEE, IEEE, New York, NY, 33–42
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Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 81) , Sorelle A. Friedler and Christo Wilson (Eds.). PMLR, 77–91
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Investigating the Impact of Gender on Rank in Resume Search Engines. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’18 . ACM Press, Montreal QC, Canada, 1–14
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Communicating Algorithmic Process in Online Behavioral Advertising. In Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI ’18) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–13
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Facebook’s advertising platform: New attack vectors and the need for interventions
Irfan Faizullabhoy and Aleksandra Korolova. 2018 · 2018
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Analyzing Advertising Labels: Testing Consumers’ Recognition of Paid Content Online. In Extended Abstracts of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Montreal QC, Canada) (CHI EA ’18) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1–6
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Endorsements on Social Media: An Empirical Study of Affiliate Marketing Disclosures on YouTube and Pinterest
Arunesh Mathur, Arvind Narayanan, and Marshini Chetty. 2018a · 2018
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Characterizing the Use of Browser-Based Blocking Extensions To Prevent Online Tracking. In Fourteenth symposium on usable privacy and security (SOUPS 2018) . 103–116
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On the Potential for Discrimination via Composition. In Proceedings of the ACM Internet Measurement Conference . 333–344
Giridhari Venkatadri and Alan Mislove. 2020 · 2020
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Ad Delivery Algorithms: The Hidden Arbiters of Political Messaging. In Proceedings of the 14th ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining (Virtual Event, Israel) (WSDM ’21) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 13–21
Muhammad Ali, Piotr Sapiezynski, Aleksandra Korolova, Alan Mislove, and Aaron Rieke. 2021 · 2021
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Problematic Machine Behavior: A Systematic Literature Review of Algorithm Audits
Jack Bandy. 2021 · 2021
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Ho-Chun Herbert Chang, Matt Bui, and Charlton McIlwain. 2021 · 2021
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UMAP: Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection for Dimension Reduction
L. McInnes, J. Healy, and J. Melville. 2018 · 2018
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Auditing Partisan Audience Bias within Google Search
Ronald E. Robertson, Shan Jiang, Kenneth Joseph, Lisa Friedland, David Lazer, and Christo Wilson. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Potential for discrimination in online targeted advertising. In Proceedings of the 1st Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 81) , Sorelle A. Friedler and Christo Wilson (Eds.). PMLR, 5–19
Till Speicher, Muhammad Ali, Giridhari Venkatadri, Filipe Ribeiro, George Arvanitakis, Fabrício Benevenuto, Krishna Gummadi, Patrick Loiseau, and Alan Mislove. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Discrimination through Optimization: How Facebook’s Ad Delivery Can Lead to Biased Outcomes
Muhammad Ali, Piotr Sapiezynski, Miranda Bogen, Aleksandra Korolova, Alan Mislove, and Aaron Rieke. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Housing Department Slaps Facebook With Discrimination Charge
Brakkton Booker. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Digital ad revenue in the US surpassed $100 billion for the first time in 2018
Megan Graham. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
You Can’t See What You Can’t See: Experimental Evidence for How Much Relevant Information May Be Missed Due to Google’s Web Search Personalisation. In Social Informatics , Ingmar Weber, Kareem M. Darwish, Claudia Wagner, Emilio Zagheni, Laura Nelson, Samin Aref, and Fabian Flöck (Eds.). Springer International Publishing, Cham, 253–266
Cameron Lai and Markus Luczak-Roesch. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Algorithmic bias? An empirical study of apparent gender-based discrimination in the display of STEM career ads
Anja Lambrecht and Catherine Tucker. 2019 · 2019
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Lois Anne DeLong. 2021 · 2021
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Auditing for discrimination in algorithms delivering job ads. In Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021 . 3767–3778
Basileal Imana, Aleksandra Korolova, and John Heidemann. 2021 · 2021
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Searching for Representation: A sociotechnical audit of googling for members of U.S. Congress
Emma Lurie and Deirdre K. Mulligan. 2021 · 2021
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An image of society: Gender and racial representation and impact in image search results for occupations
Danaë Metaxa, Michelle A Gan, Su Goh, Jeff Hancock, and James A Landay. 2021a · 2021
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Auditing algorithms: Understanding algorithmic systems from the outside in
Danaë Metaxa, Joon Sung Park, Ronald E Robertson, Karrie Karahalios, Christo Wilson, Jeff Hancock, Christian Sandvig, et al · 2021
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Mobile Technology and Home Broadband 2021
Andrew Perrin. 2021 · 2021
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Learning Transferable Visual Models From Natural Language Supervision
Alec Radford, Jong Wook Kim, Chris Hallacy, Aditya Ramesh, Gabriel Goh, Sandhini Agarwal, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Pamela Mishkin, Jack Clark, Gretchen Krueger, and Ilya Sutskever. 2021 · 2021
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Everyday Algorithm Auditing: Understanding the Power of Everyday Users in Surfacing Harmful Algorithmic Behaviors
Hong Shen, Alicia DeVos, Motahhare Eslami, and Kenneth Holstein. 2021 · 2021
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Building and Auditing Fair Algorithms: A Case Study in Candidate Screening. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Virtual Event, Canada) (FAccT ’21) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 666–677
Christo Wilson, Avijit Ghosh, Shan Jiang, Alan Mislove, Lewis Baker, Janelle Szary, Kelly Trindel, and Frida Polli. 2021 · 2021
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What Makes a “Bad” Ad? User Perceptions of Problematic Online Advertising. In Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Yokohama, Japan) (CHI ’21) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, Article 361, 24 pages
Eric Zeng, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Franziska Roesner. 2021 · 2021
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Who Audits the Auditors? Recommendations from a Field Scan of the Algorithmic Auditing Ecosystem. In 2022 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (Seoul, Republic of Korea) (FAccT ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 1571–1583
Sasha Costanza-Chock, Inioluwa Deborah Raji, and Joy Buolamwini. 2022 · 2022
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Measurement and Analysis of Implied Identity in Ad Delivery Optimization. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference (Nice, France) (IMC ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 195–209
Levi Kaplan, Nicole Gerzon, Alan Mislove, and Piotr Sapiezynski. 2022 · 2022
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End-User Audits: A System Empowering Communities to Lead Large-Scale Investigations of Harmful Algorithmic Behavior
Michelle S Lam, Mitchell L Gordon, Danaë Metaxa, Jeffrey T Hancock, James A Landay, and Michael S Bernstein. 2022 · 2022
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Algorithms that" Don’t See Color" Measuring Biases in Lookalike and Special Ad Audiences. In Proceedings of the 2022 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 609–616
Piotr Sapiezynski, Avijit Ghosh, Levi Kaplan, Aaron Rieke, and Alan Mislove. 2022 · 2022
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What Factors Affect Targeting and Bids in Online Advertising? A Field Measurement Study. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM Internet Measurement Conference (Nice, France) (IMC ’22) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 210–229
Eric Zeng, Rachel McAmis, Tadayoshi Kohno, and Franziska Roesner. 2022 · 2022
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Humans and algorithms work together—so study them together
J. Nathan Matias. 2023a · 2023
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Influencing recommendation algorithms to reduce the spread of unreliable news by encouraging humans to fact-check articles, in a field experiment
J. Nathan Matias. 2023b · 2023
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Algorithmic Discrimination: A Framework and Approach to Auditing & Measuring the Impact of Race-Targeted Digital Advertising
Charlton McIlwain. 2023 · 2023
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Bias and Discrimination in Digital Advertising
Danaë Metaxa. 2023 · 2023
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Behavioral Advertising and Consumer Welfare: An Empirical Investigation
Eduardo Schnadower Mustri, Idris Adjerid, and Alessandro Acquisti. 2023 · 2023
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