Understand
We introduce a new approach to learn Hamiltonians through a resource that we call the pseudo-Choi state, which encodes the Hamiltonian in a state using a procedure that is analogous to the Choi-Jamiolkowski isomorphism.
- We provide an efficient method for generating these pseudo-Choi states by querying a time evolution unitary of the form $e^{-iHt}$ and its inverse, and show that for a Hamiltonian with $M$ terms the Hamiltonian coefficients can be estimated via classical shadow tomography within error $\epsilon$ in the $2$-norm using $\widetilde{O}\left(\frac{M}{t^2\epsilon^2}\right)$ queries to the state preparation protocol, where $t \le \frac{1}{2\left\lVert H \right\rVert}$.
- We further show an alternative approach that eschews classical shadow tomography in favor of quantum mean estimation that reduces this cost (at the price of many more qubits) to $\widetilde{O}\left(\frac{M}{t\epsilon}\right)$.
- Additionally, we show that in the case where one does not have access to the state preparation protocol, the Hamiltonian can be learned using $\widetilde{O}\left(\frac{\alpha^4M}{\epsilon^2}\right)$ copies of the pseudo-Choi state.