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Over recent years, an increasing amount of compute and data has been poured into training large language models (LLMs), usually by doing one-pass learning on as many tokens as possible randomly selected from large-scale web corpora.
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Aligning books and movies: Towards story-like visual explanations by watching movies and reading books
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Think you have solved question answering? try arc, the ai2 reasoning challenge
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Can a suit of armor conduct electricity? a new dataset for open book question answering
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An empirical study of example forgetting during deep neural network learning
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Semantic redundancies in image-classification datasets: The 10% you don’t need
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Language models are unsupervised multitask learners
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Superglue: A stickier benchmark for general-purpose language understanding systems
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Ccnet: Extracting high quality monolingual datasets from web crawl data
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Hellaswag: Can a machine really finish your sentence?
Rowan Zellers, Ari Holtzman, Yonatan Bisk, Ali Farhadi, and Yejin Choi · 2019
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The pushshift reddit dataset
Jason Baumgartner, Savvas Zannettou, Brian Keegan, Megan Squire, and Jeremy Blackburn · 2020
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Piqa: Reasoning about physical commonsense in natural language
Yonatan Bisk, Rowan Zellers, Jianfeng Gao, Yejin Choi, et al · 2020
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At the speed of sound: Efficient audio scene classification
Bo Dong, Cristian Lumezanu, Yuncong Chen, Dongjin Song, Takehiko Mizoguchi, Haifeng Chen, and Latifur Khan · 2020
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What neural networks memorize and why: Discovering the long tail via influence estimation
Vitaly Feldman and Chiyuan Zhang · 2020
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The pile: An 800gb dataset of diverse text for language modeling
Leo Gao, Stella Rose Biderman, Sid Black, Laurence Golding, Travis Hoppe, Charles Foster, Jason Phang, Horace He, Anish Thite, Noa Nabeshima, Shawn Presser, and Connor Leahy · 2020
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Don’t stop pretraining: Adapt language models to domains and tasks
Suchin Gururangan, Ana Marasović, Swabha Swayamdipta, Kyle Lo, Iz Beltagy, Doug Downey, and Noah A Smith · 2020
Llm. int8 (): 8-bit matrix multiplication for transformers at scale
Tim Dettmers, Mike Lewis, Younes Belkada, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2022
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Scaling laws and interpretability of learning from repeated data
Danny Hernandez, Tom B. Brown, Tom Conerly, Nova DasSarma, Dawn Drain, Sheer El-Showk, Nelson Elhage, Zac Hatfield-Dodds, T. J. Henighan, Tristan Hume, Scott Johnston, Benjamin Mann, Christopher Olah, Catherine Olsson, Dario Amodei, Nicholas Joseph, Jared Kaplan, and Sam McCandlish · 2022
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Training compute-optimal large language models
Jordan Hoffmann, Sebastian Borgeaud, Arthur Mensch, Elena Buchatskaya, Trevor Cai, Eliza Rutherford, Diego de Las Casas, Lisa Anne Hendricks, Johannes Welbl, Aidan Clark, Tom Hennigan, Eric Noland, Katie Millican, George van den Driessche, Bogdan Damoc, Aurelia Guy, Simon Osindero, Karen Simonyan, Erich Elsen, Jack W. Rae, Oriol Vinyals, and L. Sifre · 2022
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Opt-iml: Scaling language model instruction meta learning through the lens of generalization
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, T. J. Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeff Wu, and Dario Amodei · 2020
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Coresets for data-efficient training of machine learning models
Baharan Mirzasoleiman, Jeff Bilmes, and Jure Leskovec · 2020
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Exploring the limits of transfer learning with a unified text-to-text transformer
Colin Raffel, Noam Shazeer, Adam Roberts, Katherine Lee, Sharan Narang, Michael Matena, Yanqi Zhou, Wei Li, and Peter J Liu · 2020
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Dataset condensation with gradient matching
Bo Zhao, Konda Reddy Mopuri, and Hakan Bilen · 2020
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Efficient large scale language modeling with mixtures of experts
Mikel Artetxe, Shruti Bhosale, Naman Goyal, Todor Mihaylov, Myle Ott, Sam Shleifer, Xi Victoria Lin, Jingfei Du, Srinivasan Iyer, Ramakanth Pasunuru, et al · 2021
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Training data subset search with ensemble active learning
Kashyap Chitta, José M Álvarez, Elmar Haussmann, and Clément Farabet · 2021
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Unsupervised dense information retrieval with contrastive learning
Gautier Izacard, Mathilde Caron, Lucas Hosseini, Sebastian Riedel, Piotr Bojanowski, Armand Joulin, and Edouard Grave · 2021
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Srinivas Iyer, Xiaojuan Lin, Ramakanth Pasunuru, Todor Mihaylov, Daniel Simig, Ping Yu, Kurt Shuster, Tianlu Wang, Qing Liu, Punit Singh Koura, Xian Li, Brian O’Horo, Gabriel Pereyra, Jeff Wang, Christopher Dewan, Asli Celikyilmaz, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov · 2022
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Prioritized training on points that are learnable, worth learning, and not yet learnt
Sören Mindermann, Jan M Brauner, Muhammed T Razzak, Mrinank Sharma, Andreas Kirsch, Winnie Xu, Benedikt Höltgen, Aidan N Gomez, Adrien Morisot, Sebastian Farquhar, et al · 2022
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Shaden Smith, Mostofa Patwary, Brandon Norick, Patrick LeGresley, Samyam Rajbhandari, Jared Casper, Zhun Liu, Shrimai Prabhumoye, George Zerveas, Vijay Korthikanti, et al · 2022
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Beyond neural scaling laws: beating power law scaling via data pruning
Ben Sorscher, Robert Geirhos, Shashank Shekhar, Surya Ganguli, and Ari S. Morcos · 2022
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Memorization without overfitting: Analyzing the training dynamics of large language models
Kushal Tirumala, Aram Markosyan, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Armen Aghajanyan · 2022
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Will we run out of data? an analysis of the limits of scaling datasets in machine learning, 2022
Pablo Villalobos, Jaime Sevilla, Lennart Heim, Tamay Besiroglu, Marius Hobbhahn, and Anson Ho · 2022
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Super-naturalinstructions: Generalization via declarative instructions on 1600+ nlp tasks
Yizhong Wang, Swaroop Mishra, Pegah Alipoormolabashi, Yeganeh Kordi, Amirreza Mirzaei, Anjana Arunkumar, Arjun Ashok, Arut Selvan Dhanasekaran, Atharva Naik, David Stap, Eshaan Pathak, Giannis Karamanolakis, Haizhi Gary Lai, Ishan Purohit, Ishani Mondal, Jacob Anderson, Kirby Kuznia, Krima Doshi, Maitreya Patel, Kuntal Kumar Pal, M. Moradshahi, Mihir Parmar, Mirali Purohit, Neeraj Varshney, Phani Rohitha Kaza, Pulkit Verma, Ravsehaj Singh Puri, Rushang Karia, Shailaja Keyur Sampat, Savan Doshi, Siddharth Deepak Mishra, Sujan Reddy, Sumanta Patro, Tanay Dixit, Xudong Shen, Chitta Baral, Yejin Choi, Noah A. Smith, Hanna Hajishirzi, and Daniel Khashabi · 2022
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Opt: Open pre-trained transformer language models
Susan Zhang, Stephen Roller, Naman Goyal, Mikel Artetxe, Moya Chen, Shuohui Chen, Christopher Dewan, Mona Diab, Xian Li, Xi Victoria Lin, Todor Mihaylov, Myle Ott, Sam Shleifer, Kurt Shuster, Daniel Simig, Punit Singh Koura, Anjali Sridhar, Tianlu Wang, and Luke Zettlemoyer · 2022
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Semdedup: Data-efficient learning at web-scale through semantic deduplication
Amro Abbas, Kushal Tirumala, Daniel Simig, Surya Ganguli, and Ari S. Morcos · 2023
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Pythia: A suite for analyzing large language models across training and scaling
Stella Biderman, Hailey Schoelkopf, Quentin Anthony, Herbie Bradley, Kyle O’Brien, Eric Hallahan, Mohammad Aflah Khan, Shivanshu Purohit, USVSN Sai Prashanth, Edward Raff, et al · 2023
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Deja vu: Contextual sparsity for efficient llms at inference time, 2023
Zichang Liu, Jue Wang, Tri Dao, Tianyi Zhou, Binhang Yuan, Zhao Song, Anshumali Shrivastava, Ce Zhang, Yuandong Tian, Christopher Re, et al · 2023
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S. Longpre, Gregory Yauney, Emily Reif, Katherine Lee, Adam Roberts, Barret Zoph, Denny Zhou, Jason Wei, Kevin Robinson, David M. Mimno, and Daphne Ippolito · 2023
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Scaling data-constrained language models
Niklas Muennighoff, Alexander M. Rush, Boaz Barak, Teven Le Scao, Aleksandra Piktus, Nouamane Tazi, Sampo Pyysalo, Thomas Wolf, and Colin Raffel · 2023
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Are emergent abilities of large language models a mirage?
Rylan Schaeffer, Brando Miranda, and Sanmi Koyejo · 2023
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Llama: Open and efficient foundation language models
Hugo Touvron, Thibaut Lavril, Gautier Izacard, Xavier Martinet, Marie-Anne Lachaux, Timothée Lacroix, Baptiste Rozière, Naman Goyal, Eric Hambro, Faisal Azhar, Aur’elien Rodriguez, Armand Joulin, Edouard Grave, and Guillaume Lample · 2023
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To repeat or not to repeat: Insights from scaling llm under token-crisis
Fuzhao Xue, Yao Fu, Wangchunshu Zhou, Zangwei Zheng, and Yang You · 2023
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