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This guide introduces Large Language Models (LLM) as a highly versatile text analysis method within the social sciences.
Measuring populism: Comparing two methods of content analysis
Matthijs Rooduijn and Teun Pauwels · 2011
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Calculating inter-coder reliability in media content analysis using krippendorff’s alpha
Knut De Swert · 2012
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Combining cda and topic modeling: Analyzing discursive connections between islamophobia and anti-feminism on an online forum
Anton Törnberg and Petter Törnberg · 2016
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British sociological association statement of ethical practice, 2017
British Sociological Association et al · 2017
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Why the big picture matters: Political and media populism in western europe since the 1970s
Luca Manucci and Edward Weber · 2017
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Populism: A very short introduction
Cas Mudde and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser · 2017
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Populism – coding guide (2017 version), 2017
TeamPopulism · 2017
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Measuring populist discourse in the united states and beyond
Kirk A Hawkins and Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser · 2018
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Textual analysis: big data approaches
Kirk A Hawkins and Bruno Castanho Silva · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Global populism database: Populism dataset for leaders 1.0
Kirk A Hawkins, Rosario Aguilar, Erin Jenne, Bojana Kocijan, Cristóbal Rovira Kaltwasser, and Bruno Castanho Silva · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Fine-tuning language models from human preferences
Daniel M. Ziegler, Nisan Stiennon, Jeffrey Wu, Tom B. Brown, Alec Radford, Dario Amodei, Paul Christiano, and Geoffrey Irving · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Internet research: Ethical guidelines 3.0, 2020
Aline Shakti Franzke, Anja Bechmann, Michael Zimmer, and Charles Ess · 2020
Cited alongside, same era.
Out of One, Many: Using Language Models to Simulate Human Samples
Lisa P. Argyle, Ethan C. Busby, Nancy Fulda, Joshua Gubler, Christopher Rytting, and David Wingate · 2022
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ChatGPT: Optimizing language models for dialogue, 2022
J. Schulman, B. Zoph, C. Kim, J. Hilton, J. Menick, J. Weng, J. F. C. Uribe, L. Fedus, L. Metz, and M. Pokorny · 2022
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Emergent abilities of large language models
Jason Wei, Yi Tay, Rishi Bommasani, Colin Raffel, Barret Zoph, Sebastian Borgeaud, Dani Yogatama, Maarten Bosma, Denny Zhou, and Donald Metzler · 2022
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Can generative ai improve social science?
Christopher A Bail · 2023
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Chatgpt outperforms crowd-workers for text-annotation tasks
Fabrizio Gilardi, Meysam Alizadeh, and Maël Kubli · 2023
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Petter Törnberg and Justus Uitermark · 2021
Cited alongside, same era.
The validity of sentiment analysis: Comparing manual annotation, crowd-coding, dictionary approaches, and machine learning algorithms
Wouter Van Atteveldt, Mariken ACG Van der Velden, and Mark Boukes · 2021
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Petter Törnberg · 2023
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Patrick Y. Wu, Joshua A. Tucker, Jonathan Nagler, and Solomon Messing · 2023
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