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2023

Quantum Duality in Electromagnetism and the Fine-Structure Constant

Cordova, Clay, Ohmori, Kantaro

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We describe the interplay between electric-magnetic duality and higher symmetry in Maxwell theory.

When the fine-structure constant is rational, the theory admits non-invertible symmetries which can be realized as composites of electric-magnetic duality and gauging a discrete subgroup of the one-form global symmetry.
These non-invertible symmetries are approximate quantum invariances of the natural world which emerge in the infrared below the mass scale of charged particles.
We construct these symmetries explicitly as topological defects and illustrate their action on local and extended operators.

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