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2023

Non-trivial Area Operators Require Non-local Magic

Cao, ChunJun

Understand

We show that no stabilizer codes over any local dimension can support a non-trivial area operator for any bipartition of the physical degrees of freedom even if certain code subalgebras contain non-trivial centers.

This conclusion also extends to more general quantum codes whose logical operators satisfy certain factorization properties, including any complementary code that encodes qubits and supports transversal logical gates that form a nice unitary basis.
These results support the observation that some desirable conditions for fault tolerance are in tension with emergent gravity and suggest that non-local "magic" would play an important role in reproducing features of gravitational back-reaction and the quantum extremal surface formula.
We comment on conditions needed to circumvent the no-go result and examine some simple instances of non-stabilizer codes that do have non-trivial area operators.