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Essentialist beliefs (i.e., believing that members of the same group are fundamentally alike) play a central role in social stereotypes and can lead to harm when left unchallenged.
Subjective acceptance of verbal generalizations
Robert P Abelson and David E Kanouse. 1966 · 1966
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Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components
Patricia G. Devine. 1989 · 1989
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The generic book
Gregory N Carlson and Francis Jeffry Pelletier. 1995 · 1995
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Implicit social cognition: attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes
Anthony G Greenwald and Mahzarin R Banaji. 1995 · 1995
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Maintaining stereotypes in the face of disconfirmation: constructing grounds for subtyping deviants
Ziva Kunda and Kathryn C Oleson. 1995 · 1995
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The essential child: Origins of essentialism in everyday thought
Susan A Gelman. 2003 · 2003
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Language models are few-shot learners
Tom B Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, et al. 2020 · 2005
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Psychological essentialism of human categories
Deborah A Prentice and Dale T Miller. 2007 · 2007
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Sarah-Jane Leslie. 2008 · 2008
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Whistling Vivaldi: How stereotypes affect us and what we can do
Claude M Steele. 2011 · 2011
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Cultural transmission of social essentialism
Marjorie Rhodes, Sarah-Jane Leslie, and Christina M Tworek. 2012 · 2012
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Carving up the social world with generics
Sarah-Jane Leslie. 2014 · 2014
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What a loaded generalization: Generics and social cognition
Daniel Wodak, Sarah-Jane Leslie, and Marjorie Rhodes. 2015 · 2015
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How does generic language elicit essentialist beliefs
Emily Foster-Hanson, Sarah-Jane Leslie, and Marjorie Rhodes. 2016 · 2016
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Gender stereotypes about intellectual ability emerge early and influence children’s interests
Lin Bian, Sarah-Jane Leslie, and Andrei Cimpian. 2017 · 2017
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The original sin of cognition: Fear, prejudice, and generalization
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Maarten Sap, Saadia Gabriel, Lianhui Qin, Dan Jurafsky, Noah A Smith, and Yejin Choi. 2020 · 2020
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Atlas of AI
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Does it matter how we speak about social kinds? a large, preregistered, online experimental study of how language shapes the development of essentialist beliefs
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System error: Where big tech went wrong and how we can reboot
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Rob Reich, Mehran Sahami, and Jeremy M Weinstein. 2021 · 2021
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The psychological Well-Being of content moderators: The emotional labor of commercial moderation and avenues for improving support
Miriah Steiger, Timir J Bharucha, Sukrit Venkatagiri, Martin J Riedl, and Matthew Lease. 2021 · 2021
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Generate, prune, select: A pipeline for counterspeech generation against online hate speech
Wanzheng Zhu and S. Bhat. 2021 · 2021
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Toxigen: Controlling language models to generate implied and adversarial toxicity
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Annotators with attitudes: How annotator beliefs and identities bias toxic language detection
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Penguins don’t fly: Reasoning about generics through instantiations and exceptions
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