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2023

Dark Radiation from Neutrino Mixing after Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

Aloni, Daniel, Joseph, Melissa, Schmaltz, Martin et al.

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A light ($m_{\nu d} \lesssim $ MeV) dark fermion mixing with the Standard Model neutrinos can naturally equilibrate with the neutrinos via oscillations and scattering.

In the presence of dark sector interactions, production of dark fermions is generically suppressed above BBN, but then enhanced at later times.
Over much of the parameter space, we find that the dark sector equilibrates, even for mixing angles $\theta_0$ as small as $10^{-13}$, and equilibration occurs at $T_{\rm equil} \simeq m_{\nu d} \left(\theta_0^2 M_{Pl}/ m_{\nu d} \right)^{1/5} $ which is naturally at most a few orders of magnitude above the dark fermion mass.
The implications of this are twofold: one, that light states are often only constrained by the CMB and LSS without leaving an imprint on BBN, and two, that sectors which equilibrate before recombination will typically have a mass threshold before recombination, as well.

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