Constraining the Lorentz-Violating Bumblebee Vector Field with Big Bang Nucleosynthesis and Gravitational Baryogenesis

Understand

By keeping the cosmological principle i.e., an isotropic and homogeneous universe, we consider the cosmology of a vector-tensor theory of gravitation known as the \textit{bumblebee} model.

• In this model a single Lorentz-violating timelike vector field with a nonzero vacuum expectation value (VEV) couples to the Ricci tensor and scalar, as well.
• Taking the ansatz $B(t)\sim t^\beta$ for the time evolution of the vector field we derive the relevant dynamic equations of the Universe, where $\beta$ is a free parameter.
• In particular, by employing observational data coming from the Big Bang Nucleosynthesis (BBN) and the matter-antimatter asymmetry in the Baryogenesis era, we impose some constraints on the VEV of the bumblebee timelike vector field i.e., $\xi b^2$, and the exponent parameter $\beta$.