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Explainable information retrieval is an emerging research area aiming to make transparent and trustworthy information retrieval systems.
Understanding the Behaviors of BERT in Ranking
Yifan Qiao, Chenyan Xiong, Zhenghao Liu, and Zhiyuan Liu. 2019 · 1904
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An Analysis of BERT in Document Ranking. In Proceedings of the 43rd International ACM SIGIR conference on research and development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2020, Virtual Event, China, July 25-30, 2020 . ACM, 1941–1944
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Information retrieval as statistical translation. In Proceedings of the 22nd annual international ACM SIGIR conference on Research and development in information retrieval . 222–229
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Relevance Based Language Models. In Proceedings of the 24th Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (New Orleans, Louisiana, USA) (SIGIR ’01) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 120–127
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Probabilistic Models of Information Retrieval Based on Measuring the Divergence from Randomness
Gianni Amati and Cornelis Joost Van Rijsbergen. 2002 · 2002
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Optimizing search engines using clickthrough data. In Proceedings of the eighth ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining . ACM, 133–142
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Bleu: a Method for Automatic Evaluation of Machine Translation. In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics . Association for Computational Linguistics, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, 311–318
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A Formal Study of Information Retrieval Heuristics. In Proceedings of SIGIR 2004 . 49–56
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ROUGE: A Package for Automatic Evaluation of Summaries. In Text Summarization Branches Out . Association for Computational Linguistics, Barcelona, Spain, 74–81
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Measuring search engine bias
Abbe Mowshowitz and Akira Kawaguchi. 2005 · 2004
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The TREC 2005 robust track. In ACM SIGIR Forum , Vol. 40. ACM New York, NY, USA, 41–48
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HotFlip: White-Box Adversarial Examples for Text Classification. In Proceedings of the 56th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 2: Short Papers) . Association for Computational Linguistics, Melbourne, Australia, 31–36
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Semantic Term Matching in Axiomatic Approaches to Information Retrieval. In Proceedings of SIGIR 2006 . 115–122
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EMERSE: the electronic medical record search engine. In AMIA annual symposium proceedings , Vol. 2006. American Medical Informatics Association, 941
David A Hanauer. 2006 · 2006
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An Axiomatic Comparison of Learned Term-Weighting Schemes in Information Retrieval: Clarifications and Extensions
Ronan Cummins and Colm O’Riordan. 2007 · 2007
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One word at a time: adversarial attacks on retrieval models
Nisarg Raval and Manisha Verma. 2020 · 2008
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Clueweb09 data set
Jamie Callan, Mark Hoy, Changkuk Yoo, and Le Zhao. 2009 · 2009
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Towards query log based personalization using topic models. In Proceedings of the 19th ACM Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2010, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, October 26-30, 2010 . ACM, 1849–1852
Mark James Carman, Fabio Crestani, Morgan Harvey, and Mark Baillie. 2010 · 2010
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Query Aspect Based Term Weighting Regularization in Information Retrieval. In Proceedings of ECIR 2010 . 344–356
Wei Zheng and Hui Fang. 2010 · 2010
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Diagnostic Evaluation of Information Retrieval Models
Hui Fang, Tao Tao, and ChengXiang Zhai. 2011 · 2011
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ABNIRML: Analyzing the Behavior of Neural IR Models
Sean MacAvaney, Sergey Feldman, Nazli Goharian, Doug Downey, and Arman Cohan. 2020 · 2011
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The filter bubble: How the new personalized web is changing what we read and how we think
Eli Pariser. 2011 · 2011
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Measuring personalization of web search. In 22nd International World Wide Web Conference, WWW ’13, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, May 13-17, 2013 . International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee / ACM, 527–538
Aniko Hannak, Piotr Sapiezynski, Arash Molavi Kakhki, Balachander Krishnamurthy, David Lazer, Alan Mislove, and Christo Wilson. 2013 · 2013
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Building user profiles from topic models for personalised search. In 22nd ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM’13, San Francisco, CA, USA, October 27 - November 1, 2013 . ACM, 2309–2314
Morgan Harvey, Fabio Crestani, and Mark James Carman. 2013 · 2013
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Introducing LETOR 4.0 Datasets
Tao Qin and Tie-Yan Liu. 2013 · 2013
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Striving for simplicity: The all convolutional net
Jost Tobias Springenberg, Alexey Dosovitskiy, Thomas Brox, and Martin Riedmiller. 2014 · 2014
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On pixel-wise explanations for non-linear classifier decisions by layer-wise relevance propagation
Sebastian Bach, Alexander Binder, Grégoire Montavon, Frederick Klauschen, Klaus-Robert Müller, and Wojciech Samek. 2015 · 2015
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Finding news citations for wikipedia. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM International on Conference on Information and Knowledge Management . 337–346
Besnik Fetahu, Katja Markert, Wolfgang Nejdl, and Avishek Anand. 2016 · 2016
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Filter bubbles, echo chambers, and online news consumption
Seth Flaxman, Sharad Goel, and Justin M Rao. 2016 · 2016
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A Deep Relevance Matching Model for Ad-hoc Retrieval. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2016, Indianapolis, IN, USA, October 24-28, 2016 . ACM, 55–64
Jiafeng Guo, Yixing Fan, Qingyao Ai, and W. Bruce Croft. 2016 · 2016
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Axiomatic Result Re-Ranking. In Proceedings of the 25th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, CIKM 2016, Indianapolis, IN, USA, October 24-28, 2016 . ACM, 721–730
Matthias Hagen, Michael Völske, Steve Göring, and Benno Stein. 2016 · 2016
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Tempas: Temporal archive search based on tags. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web . 207–210
Helge Holzmann and Avishek Anand. 2016 · 2016
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Rationalizing Neural Predictions. In Proceedings of the 2016 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . Association for Computational Linguistics, Austin, Texas, 107–117
Tao Lei, Regina Barzilay, and Tommi Jaakkola. 2016 · 2016
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Improving Document Ranking with Dual Word Embeddings. In Proceedings of the 25th International Conference Companion on World Wide Web (Montréal, Québec, Canada) (WWW ’16 Companion) . International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, Republic and Canton of Geneva, CHE, 83–84
Eric Nalisnick, Bhaskar Mitra, Nick Craswell, and Rich Caruana. 2016 · 2016
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MS MARCO: A Human Generated MAchine Reading COmprehension Dataset. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Cognitive Computation: Integrating neural and symbolic approaches 2016 co-located with the 30th Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems (NIPS 2016), Barcelona, Spain, December 9, 2016 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 1773) , Tarek Richard Besold, Antoine Bordes, Artur S. d’Avila Garcez, and Greg Wayne (Eds.). CEUR-WS.org
Tri Nguyen, Mir Rosenberg, Xia Song, Jianfeng Gao, Saurabh Tiwary, Rangan Majumder, and Li Deng. 2016 · 2016
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"Why Should I Trust You?": Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier. In Proceedings of the 22nd ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, San Francisco, CA, USA, August 13-17, 2016 , Balaji Krishnapuram, Mohak Shah, Alexander J. Smola, Charu C. Aggarwal, Dou Shen, and Rajeev Rastogi (Eds.). ACM, 1135–1144
Marco Túlio Ribeiro, Sameer Singh, and Carlos Guestrin. 2016 · 2016
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Towards A Rigorous Science of Interpretable Machine Learning
Finale Doshi-Velez and Been Kim. 2017 · 2017
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Exploring web archives through temporal anchor texts. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Web Science Conference . 289–298
Helge Holzmann, Wolfgang Nejdl, and Avishek Anand. 2017a · 2017
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Exploring web archives through temporal anchor texts. In Proceedings of the 2017 ACM on Web Science Conference . 289–298
H. Holzmann, W. Nejdl, and A. Anand. 2017b · 2017
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Understanding Black-box Predictions via Influence Functions. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2017, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 6-11 August 2017 (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 70) . PMLR, 1885–1894
Pang Wei Koh and Percy Liang. 2017 · 2017
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A Unified Approach to Interpreting Model Predictions. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 30: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2017, December 4-9, 2017, Long Beach, CA, USA . 4765–4774
Scott M. Lundberg and Su-In Lee. 2017 · 2017
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Learning Important Features Through Propagating Activation Differences. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2017, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 6-11 August 2017 (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 70) , Doina Precup and Yee Whye Teh (Eds.). PMLR, 3145–3153
Avanti Shrikumar, Peyton Greenside, and Anshul Kundaje. 2017 · 2017
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Axiomatic Attribution for Deep Networks. In Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2017, Sydney, NSW, Australia, 6-11 August 2017 (Proceedings of Machine Learning Research, Vol. 70) , Doina Precup and Yee Whye Teh (Eds.). PMLR, 3319–3328
Mukund Sundararajan, Ankur Taly, and Qiqi Yan. 2017 · 2017
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End-to-End Neural Ad-hoc Ranking with Kernel Pooling. In Proceedings of the 40th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan, August 7-11, 2017 . ACM, 55–64
Chenyan Xiong, Zhuyun Dai, Jamie Callan, Zhiyuan Liu, and Russell Power. 2017 · 2017
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Sanity Checks for Saliency Maps. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2018, NeurIPS 2018, December 3-8, 2018, Montréal, Canada , Samy Bengio, Hanna M. Wallach, Hugo Larochelle, Kristen Grauman, Nicolò Cesa-Bianchi, and Roman Garnett (Eds.). 9525–9536
Julius Adebayo, Justin Gilmer, Michael Muelly, Ian J. Goodfellow, Moritz Hardt, and Been Kim. 2018 · 2018
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e-SNLI: Natural Language Inference with Natural Language Explanations. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 31: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2018, NeurIPS 2018, December 3-8, 2018, Montréal, Canada . 9560–9572
Oana-Maria Camburu, Tim Rocktäschel, Thomas Lukasiewicz, and Phil Blunsom. 2018 · 2018
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Learning to Explain: An Information-Theoretic Perspective on Model Interpretation. In Proceedings of the 35th International Conference on Machine Learning, ICML 2018, Stockholmsmässan, Stockholm, Sweden, July 10-15, 2018 , Jennifer G. Dy and Andreas Krause (Eds.), Vol. 80. PMLR
Jianbo Chen, Le Song, Martin J. Wainwright, and Michael I. Jordan. 2018 · 2018
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Convolutional Neural Networks for Soft-Matching N-Grams in Ad-hoc Search. In Proceedings of the Eleventh ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, WSDM 2018, Marina Del Rey, CA, USA, February 5-9, 2018 . ACM, 126–134
Zhuyun Dai, Chenyan Xiong, Jamie Callan, and Zhiyuan Liu. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Burst of the filter bubble? Effects of personalization on the diversity of Google News
Mario Haim, Andreas Graefe, and Hans-Bernd Brosius. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Consistent Individualized Feature Attribution for Tree Ensembles
Scott M. Lundberg, Gabriel G. Erion, and Su-In Lee. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Deep Relevance Ranking Using Enhanced Document-Query Interactions. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing . Association for Computational Linguistics, Brussels, Belgium, 1849–1860
Ryan McDonald, George Brokos, and Ion Androutsopoulos. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
MIMICS: A Large-Scale Data Collection for Search Clarification. In CIKM ’20: The 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Virtual Event, Ireland, October 19-23, 2020 , Mathieu d’Aquin, Stefan Dietze, Claudia Hauff, Edward Curry, and Philippe Cudré-Mauroux (Eds.). ACM, 3189–3196
Hamed Zamani, Gord Lueck, Everest Chen, Rodolfo Quispe, Flint Luu, and Nick Craswell. 2020 · 2020
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Query Understanding via Intent Description Generation. In CIKM ’20: The 29th ACM International Conference on Information and Knowledge Management, Virtual Event, Ireland, October 19-23, 2020 , Mathieu d’Aquin, Stefan Dietze, Claudia Hauff, Edward Curry, and Philippe Cudré-Mauroux (Eds.). ACM, 1823–1832
Ruqing Zhang, Jiafeng Guo, Yixing Fan, Yanyan Lan, and Xueqi Cheng. 2020a · 2020
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BERTScore: Evaluating Text Generation with BERT. In 8th International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2020, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 26-30, 2020 . OpenReview.net
Tianyi Zhang, Varsha Kishore, Felix Wu, Kilian Q. Weinberger, and Yoav Artzi. 2020b · 2020
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Explanation in artificial intelligence: Insights from the social sciences
Tim Miller. 2019 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Posthoc Interpretability of Learning to Rank Models using Secondary Training Data. In Workshop on ExplainAble Recommendation and Search (EARS 2018) at SIGIR 2018
Jaspreet Singh and Avishek Anand. 2018 · 2018
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Language Modeling Teaches You More than Translation Does: Lessons Learned Through Auxiliary Syntactic Task Analysis. In Proceedings of the 2018 EMNLP Workshop BlackboxNLP: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP . Association for Computational Linguistics, Brussels, Belgium, 359–361
Kelly Zhang and Samuel Bowman. 2018 · 2018
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Interpretable Neural Predictions with Differentiable Binary Variables. In Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics . Association for Computational Linguistics, Florence, Italy, 2963–2977
Jasmijn Bastings, Wilker Aziz, and Ivan Titov. 2019 · 2019
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Semeval-2019 task 3: Emocontext contextual emotion detection in text. In Proceedings of the 13th international workshop on semantic evaluation . 39–48
Ankush Chatterjee, Kedhar Nath Narahari, Meghana Joshi, and Puneet Agrawal. 2019 · 2019
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A study on the Interpretability of Neural Retrieval Models using DeepSHAP. In Proceedings of the 42nd International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, SIGIR 2019, Paris, France, July 21-25, 2019 . ACM, 1005–1008
Zeon Trevor Fernando, Jaspreet Singh, and Avishek Anand. 2019 · 2019
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Designing and Interpreting Probes with Control Tasks. In Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP) . Association for Computational Linguistics, Hong Kong, China, 2733–2743
John Hewitt and Percy Liang. 2019 · 2019
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A Benchmark for Interpretability Methods in Deep Neural Networks. In Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32: Annual Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems 2019, NeurIPS 2019, December 8-14, 2019, Vancouver, BC, Canada . 9734–9745
Sara Hooker, Dumitru Erhan, Pieter-Jan Kindermans, and Been Kim. 2019 · 2019
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Yongfeng Zhang and Xu Chen. 2020 · 2020
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Explaining A Black-box By Using A Deep Variational Information Bottleneck Approach
Seojin Bang, Pengtao Xie, Heewook Lee, Wei Wu, and Eric Xing. 2021 · 2021
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Jasmijn Bastings, Sebastian Ebert, Polina Zablotskaia, Anders Sandholm, and Katja Filippova. 2021 · 2021
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Exploring classic and neural lexical translation models for information retrieval: Interpretability, effectiveness, and efficiency benefits. In European Conference on Information Retrieval . Springer, 63–78
Leonid Boytsov and Zico Kolter. 2021 · 2021
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PatentQuest: A User-Oriented Tool for Integrated Patent Search. In Proceedings of the 11th International Workshop on Bibliometric-enhanced Information Retrieval co-located with 43rd European Conference on Information Retrieval (ECIR 2021), Lucca, Italy (online only), April 1st, 2021 (CEUR Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2847) . CEUR-WS.org, 89–101
Manajit Chakraborty, David Zimmermann, and Fabio Crestani. 2021 · 2021
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Overview of the TREC 2020 deep learning track
Nick Craswell, Bhaskar Mitra, Emine Yilmaz, and Daniel Campos. 2021 · 2021
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Amnesic Probing: Behavioral Explanation with Amnesic Counterfactuals
Yanai Elazar, Shauli Ravfogel, Alon Jacovi, and Yoav Goldberg. 2021 · 2021
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A Linguistic Study on Relevance Modeling in Information Retrieval. In WWW ’21: The Web Conference 2021, Virtual Event / Ljubljana, Slovenia, April 19-23, 2021 . ACM / IW3C2, 1053–1064
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A White Box Analysis of ColBERT. In Advances in Information Retrieval - 43rd European Conference on IR Research, ECIR 2021, Virtual Event, March 28 - April 1, 2021, Proceedings, Part II (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 12657) . Springer, 257–263
Thibault Formal, Benjamin Piwowarski, and Stéphane Clinchant. 2021 · 2021
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Intra-Document Cascading: Learning to Select Passages for Neural Document Ranking. In SIGIR ’21: The 44th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Virtual Event, Canada, July 11-15, 2021 . ACM, 1349–1358
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ExDocS: Evidence based Explainable Document Search. In ACM SIGIR Workshop on Causality in Search and Recommendation . ACM
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Neural feature selection for learning to rank. In European Conference on Information Retrieval . Springer, 342–349
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Explaining Documents’ Relevance to Search Queries
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Rishiraj Saha Roy and Avishek Anand. 2021 · 2021
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Extracting per Query Valid Explanations for Blackbox Learning-to-Rank Models. In Proceedings of the 2021 ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (Virtual Event, Canada) (ICTIR ’21) . Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 203–210
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Explainable Natural Language Processing
Anders Søgaard. 2021 · 2021
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Towards Axiomatic Explanations for Neural Ranking Models. In ICTIR ’21: The 2021 ACM SIGIR International Conference on the Theory of Information Retrieval, Virtual Event, Canada, July 11, 2021 , Faegheh Hasibi, Yi Fang, and Akiko Aizawa (Eds.). ACM, 13–22
Michael Völske, Alexander Bondarenko, Maik Fröbe, Benno Stein, Jaspreet Singh, Matthias Hagen, and Avishek Anand. 2021 · 2021
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Teach Me to Explain: A Review of Datasets for Explainable Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of the Neural Information Processing Systems Track on Datasets and Benchmarks , J. Vanschoren and S. Yeung (Eds.), Vol. 1
Sarah Wiegreffe and Ana Marasovic. 2021 · 2021
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Explain and Predict, and then Predict Again. In WSDM ’21, The Fourteenth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Virtual Event, Israel, March 8-12, 2021 . ACM, 418–426
Zijian Zhang, Koustav Rudra, and Avishek Anand. 2021a · 2021
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Interpretable Ranking with Generalized Additive Models. In WSDM ’21, The Fourteenth ACM International Conference on Web Search and Data Mining, Virtual Event, Israel, March 8-12, 2021 . ACM, 499–507
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Post hoc Explanations may be Ineffective for Detecting Unknown Spurious Correlation. In The Tenth International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2022, Virtual Event, April 25-29, 2022 . OpenReview.net
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Yonatan Belinkov. 2022 · 2022
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Gender Fairness in Information Retrieval Systems. In SIGIR ’22: The 45th International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Madrid, Spain, July 11 - 15, 2022 . ACM, 3436–3439
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Christoph Molnar. 2022 · 2022
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PRADA: Practical Black-Box Adversarial Attacks against Neural Ranking Models
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