Hubble tensions: a historical statistical analysis

Understand

Statistical analyses of the measurements of the Hubble-Lema\^itre constant $H_0$ (163 measurements between 1976 and 2019) show that the statistical error bars associated with the observed parameter measurements have been underestimated -- or the systematic errors were not properly taken into account -- in at least 15-20\% of the measurements.

• The fact that the underestimation of error bars for $H_0$ is so common might explain the apparent discrepancy of values, which is formally known today as the Hubble tension.
• Here we have carried out a recalibration of the probabilities with this sample of measurements.
• We find that $x\sigma $ deviation is indeed equivalent in a normal distribution to $x_{\rm eq.}\sigma $s deviation in the frequency of values, where $x_{\rm eq.}=0.83x^{0.62}$.