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Proof-of-Learning (PoL) proposes that a model owner logs training checkpoints to establish a proof of having expended the computation necessary for training.
“New directions in cryptography”
Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman · 1976
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“Pricing via Processing or Combatting Junk Mail”
Cynthia Dwork and Moni Naor · 1992
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“New branch-and-bound rules for linear bilevel programming”
Pierre Hansen, Brigitte Jaumard and Gilles Savard · 1992
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“Proofs of Work and Bread Pudding Protocols(Extended Abstract)”
Markus Jakobsson and Ari Juels · 1999
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“Real analysis: modern techniques and their applications”
Gerald Folland · 1999
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“Learning multiple layers of features from tiny images”, 2009
Alex Krizhevsky · 2009
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“Large scale distributed deep networks”
Jeffrey Dean et al · 2012
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“Exact solutions to the nonlinear dynamics of learning in deep linear neural networks”
Andrew Saxe, James McClelland and Surya Ganguli · 2013
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“Intriguing properties of neural networks”
Christian Szegedy et al · 2013
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“Explaining and harnessing adversarial examples”
Ian Goodfellow, Jonathon Shlens and Christian Szegedy · 2014
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“The Loss Surfaces of Multilayer Networks”
Anna Choromańska et al · 2015
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“Distilling the Knowledge in a Neural Network”
Geoffrey. Hinton, Oriol Vinyals and Jeffrey Dean · 2015
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“Deep Residual Learning for Image Recognition”
Kaiming He, Xiangyu Zhang, Shaoqing Ren and Jian Sun · 2015
Cited alongside, same era.
“Unifying Compilers for SNARKs, SMT, and More”
Alex Ozdemir, Fraser Brown and Riad Wahby · 2020
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“Problems and Opportunities in Training Deep Learning Software Systems: An Analysis of Variance”
Hung Pham et al · 2020
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“Proof-of-learning: Definitions and practice”
Hengrui Jia et al · 2021
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“‘Adversarial Examples’ for Proof-of-Learning”
Rui Zhang et al · 2021
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“Randomness In Neural Network Training: Characterizing The Impact of Tooling”
Donglin Zhuang, Xingyao Zhang, Shuaiwen Song and Sara Hooker · 2021
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“Stealing machine learning models via prediction apis”
Florian Tramèr et al · 2016
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“High-fidelity extraction of neural network models”
Matthew Jagielski et al · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
“Regularized Nonlinear Acceleration”, 2019
Damien Scieur, Alexandre d’Aspremont and Francis Bach · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Anvith Thudi, Hengrui Jia, Ilia Shumailov and Nicolas Papernot · 2021
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“Manipulating SGD with Data Ordering Attacks”
Ilia Shumailov et al · 2021
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