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This manual describes the PYTHIA 8.3 event generator, the most recent version of an evolving physics tool used to answer fundamental questions in particle physics.
HYTREES: Combining Matrix Elements and Parton Shower for Hypothesis Testing ,
S. Prestel and M. Spannowsky, · 1901
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Hard diffraction in photoproduction with Pythia 8 ,
I. Helenius and C. O. Rasmussen, · 1901
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Soft modifications to jet fragmentation in high energy proton–proton collisions ,
C. Bierlich, · 1901
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Review of High-Quality Random Number Generators ,
F. James and L. Moneta, · 1903
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Hadronic structure in high-energy collisions ,
K. Kovařík, P. M. Nadolsky and D. E. Soper, · 1905
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Parton branching at amplitude level ,
J. R. Forshaw, J. Holguin and S. Plätzer, · 1905
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Event Generation with Sherpa 2.2 ,
E. Bothmann et al. , · 1905
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Simulation of Vector Boson Plus Many Jet Final States at the High Luminosity LHC ,
S. Höche, S. Prestel and H. Schulz, · 1905
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A theoretical study of top-mass measurements at the LHC using NLO+PS generators of increasing accuracy ,
S. Ferrario Ravasio, T. Ježo, P. Nason and C. Oleari, · 1906
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The PYTHIA Event Generator: Past, Present and Future ,
T. Sjöstrand, · 1907
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Coherent showers in decays of colored resonances ,
H. Brooks and P. Skands, · 1907
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Global parameterization of � � \pi\pi scattering up to 2 GeV ,
J. R. Peláez, A. Rodas and J. Ruiz De Elvira, · 1907
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Dipole evolution: perspectives for collectivity and ∗ A collisions ,
C. Bierlich and C. O. Rasmussen, · 1907
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High dimensional parameter tuning for event generators ,
J. Bellm and L. Gellersen, · 1908
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Multiparton Interactions and Rescattering ,
R. Corke and T. Sjöstrand, · 1909
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Spacetime colour reconnection in Herwig 7 ,
J. Bellm, C. B. Duncan, S. Gieseke, M. Myska and A. Siódmok, · 1909
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Study of J/ \psi meson production inside jets in pp collisions at s = \sqrt{s}= 8 TeV ,
A. M. Sirunyan et al. , · 1910
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Unified description of hadron yield ratios from dynamical core-corona initialization ,
Y. Kanakubo, Y. Tachibana and T. Hirano, · 1910
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Resummed predictions for jet-resolution scales in multijet production in e +
N. Baberuxki, C. T. Preuss, D. Reichelt and S. Schumann, · 1912
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The HepMC3 event record library for Monte Carlo event generators ,
A. Buckley, P. Ilten, D. Konstantinov, L. Lönnblad, J. Monk, W. Pokorski, T. Przedzinski and A. Verbytskyi, · 1912
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Robust Independent Validation of Experiment and Theory: Rivet version 3 ,
C. Bierlich et al. , · 1912
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Radiation emitted in collisions of very fast electrons ,
C. F. von Weizsäcker, · 1934
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Nature of the high-energy particles of penetrating radiation and status of ionization and radiation formulae ,
E. J. Williams, · 1934
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The hungarian method for the assignment problem ,
H. W. Kuhn and B. Yaw, · 1955
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Vertex parts at very high-energies in quantum electrodynamics ,
V. V. Sudakov, · 1956
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A Test of a new type of stellar interferometer on Sirius ,
R. Hanbury Brown and R. Q. Twiss, · 1956
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Algorithms for the assignment and transportation problems ,
J. Munkres, · 1957
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High-Energy Collision Theory ,
R. J. Glauber, · 1959
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Diffraction disssociation of beam particles ,
M. L. Good and W. D. Walker, · 1960
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The infrared divergence phenomena and high-energy processes ,
D. R. Yennie, S. C. Frautschi and H. Suura, · 1961
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Asymptotic behavior and subtractions in the Mandelstam representation ,
M. Froissart, · 1961
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Phi meson and unitary symmetry model ,
S. Okubo, · 1963
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Production of Tritons, Deuterons, Nucleons, and Mesons by 30-GeV Protons on A-1, Be, and Fe Targets ,
A. Schwarzschild and C. Zupancic, · 1963
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An SU(3) model for strong interaction symmetry and its breaking. Version 1 (1964)
G. Zweig, · 1964
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The Quark hypothesis and relations between cross-sections at high-energies ,
E. M. Levin and L. L. Frankfurt, · 1965
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Systematics and phenomenology of meson family ,
J. Iizuka, · 1966
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A REGGEON DIAGRAM TECHNIQUE ,
V. N. Gribov, · 1967
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Monte-Carlo phase space (1968)
F. James, · 1968
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Model of Elastic High-Energy Scattering ,
T. T. Chou and C.-N. Yang, · 1968
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Very high-energy collisions of hadrons ,
R. P. Feynman, · 1969
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Nonlinear effects in quantum electrodynamics ,
V. Costantini, B. De Tollis and G. Pistoni, · 1971
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Deep inelastic ep \mathrm{ep} scattering in perturbation theory ,
V. N. Gribov and L. N. Lipatov, · 1972
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Quarks for pedestrians ,
H. J. Lipkin, · 1973
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Character of Inclusive Spectra and Fluctuations Produced in Inelastic Processes by Multi-Pomeron Exchange ,
V. A. Abramovsky, V. N. Gribov and O. V. Kancheli, · 1973
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A Planar Diagram Theory for Strong Interactions ,
G. ’t Hooft, · 1974
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String model and multiproduction ,
X. Artru and G. Mennessier, · 1974
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A New Extended Model of Hadrons ,
A. Chodos, R. L. Jaffe, K. Johnson, C. B. Thorn and V. F. Weisskopf, · 1974
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Inelastic Electron Proton and gamma Proton Scattering, and the Structure of the Nucleon ,
J. D. Bjorken and E. A. Paschos, · 1975
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The Two photon particle production mechanism. Physical problems. Applications. Equivalent photon approximation ,
V. M. Budnev, I. F. Ginzburg, G. V. Meledin and V. G. Serbo, · 1975
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Hadron Masses in a Gauge Theory ,
A. De Rujula, H. Georgi and S. L. Glashow, · 1975
Earlier work this paper cites.
A GENERALIZED ISOBAR MODEL FORMALISM ,
D. Herndon, P. Soding and R. J. Cashmore, · 1975
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Multiplicity Distributions in Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at High-Energies ,
A. Białas, M. Bleszyński and W. Czyż, · 1976
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Calculation of the Structure Functions for Deep Inelastic Scattering and e + e − \mathrm{e^{+}e^{-}} Annihilation by Perturbation Theory in Quantum Chromodynamics. ,
Y. L. Dokshitzer, · 1977
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Asymptotic Freedom in Parton Language ,
G. Altarelli and G. Parisi, · 1977
Earlier work this paper cites.
Producing Heavy Quark Flavors in Hadronic Collisions: A Test of Quantum Chromodynamics ,
H. Fritzsch, · 1977
Earlier work this paper cites.
Hadron Production at Large Transverse Momentum and QCD ,
B. L. Combridge, J. Kripfganz and J. Ranft, · 1977
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Calorimeter Triggers for Hard Collisions ,
P. V. Landshoff and J. C. Polkinghorne, · 1978
Earlier work this paper cites.
Quantum Chromodynamic Gluon Contributions to Large p(T) Reactions ,
R. Cutler and D. W. Sivers, · 1978
Earlier work this paper cites.
Hadroproduction of Photons and Leptons ,
F. Halzen and D. M. Scott, · 1978
Earlier work this paper cites.
Simulation of nonhomogeneous poisson processes by thinning ,
P. A. W. Lewis and G. S. Shedler, · 1979
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Jet Calculus: A Simple Algorithm for Resolving QCD Jets ,
K. Konishi, A. Ukawa and G. Veneziano, · 1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
Generalized Lipatov-Altarelli-Parisi Equations and Jet Calculus Rules ,
R. Kirschner, · 1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
The Hadronic Properties of the Photon in High-Energy Interactions ,
T. H. Bauer, R. D. Spital, D. R. Yennie and F. M. Pipkin, · 1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
Chromoelectric Flux Tube Model of Particle Production ,
A. Casher, H. Neuberger and S. Nussinov, · 1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
Nonleptonic Weak Decays of Bottom Mesons ,
A. Ali, J. G. Korner, G. Kramer and J. Willrodt, · 1979
Earlier work this paper cites.
How to Discover the B B Mesons ,
H. Fritzsch, · 1979
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Pion Interferometry of Nuclear Collisions. 1. Theory ,
M. Gyulassy, S. K. Kauffmann and L. W. Wilson, · 1979
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Associated Production of Heavy Flavor States in pp \mathrm{pp} and p ¯ p \mathrm{\bar{p}p} Interactions: Some QCD Estimates ,
B. L. Combridge, · 1979
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How to Find the Gluon Jets in e + e − \mathrm{e^{+}e^{-}} Annihilation ,
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson and T. Sjöstrand, · 1980
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Double Drell-Yan Annihilations in Hadron Collisions: Novel Tests of the Constituent Picture ,
C. Goebel, F. Halzen and D. M. Scott, · 1980
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Mechanisms for deuteron production in relativistic nuclear collisions ,
J. I. Kapusta, · 1980
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Experimental Study of Jets in electron - Positron Annihilation ,
W. Bartel et al. , · 1981
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e + e − \mathrm{e^{+}e^{-}} Production of Heavy Quarks in the String Model ,
M. G. Bowler, · 1981
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Single Bremsstrahlung Processes in Gauge Theories ,
F. A. Berends, R. Kleiss, P. De Causmaecker, R. Gastmans and T. T. Wu, · 1981
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Inclusive Photoproduction Cross-sections of Charmed Mesons and Baryons ,
M. Fontannaz, B. Pire and D. Schiff, · 1981
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Multi - Quark Scattering and Large p T p_{T} Jet Production in Hadronic Collisions ,
N. Paver and D. Treleani, · 1982
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A Model for Baryon Production in Quark and Gluon Jets ,
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson and T. Sjöstrand, · 1982
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Hadronic Collisions: A Quarkonium Factory ,
R. Baier and R. Rückl, · 1983
Earlier work this paper cites.
\psi\psi PRODUCTION AT COLLIDER ENERGIES ,
B. Humpert and P. Mery, · 1983
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Semihard Processes in QCD ,
L. V. Gribov, E. M. Levin and M. G. Ryskin, · 1983
Earlier work this paper cites.
A General Model for Jet Fragmentation ,
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson and B. Söderberg, · 1983
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Parton Fragmentation and String Dynamics ,
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson, G. Ingelman and T. Sjöstrand, · 1983
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Quantum Chromodynamics Corrections to Deep Inelastic Compton Scattering ,
D. W. Duke and J. F. Owens, · 1983
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New Tests for Quark and Lepton Substructure ,
E. Eichten, K. D. Lane and M. E. Peskin, · 1983
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Impact Picture Expectations for Very High-Energy Elastic p p pp and p p ¯ p\bar{p} Scattering ,
C. Bourrely, J. Soffer and T. T. Wu, · 1984
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Multiple Parton Interactions and Multi - Jet Events at Collider and Tevatron Energies ,
N. Paver and D. Treleani, · 1984
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Jet Fragmentation of Nearby Partons ,
T. Sjöstrand, · 1984
Earlier work this paper cites.
The Merging of Jets ,
T. Sjöstrand, · 1984
Earlier work this paper cites.
Color Rope Model for Extreme Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions ,
T. S. Biro, H. B. Nielsen and J. Knoll, · 1984
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ANOMALIES, VECTOR MESONS AND THE ! → 3 � \omega\rightarrow 3\pi CONTACT TERM ,
S. Rudaz, · 1984
Earlier work this paper cites.
The Lund Monte Carlo for High p T p_{T} Physics ,
H. U. Bengtsson, · 1984
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Large p(T) Production of Single and Double Photons in Proton Proton and Pion-Proton Collisions ,
E. L. Berger, E. Braaten and R. D. Field, · 1984
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A Model for Initial State Parton Showers ,
T. Sjöstrand, · 1985
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The String Effect and QCD Coherence ,
Y. I. Azimov, Y. L. Dokshitzer, V. A. Khoze and S. I. Troian, · 1985
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Multiple Parton-Parton Interactions in Hadronic Events ,
T. Sjöstrand, · 1985
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QUARK - GLUON MODEL FOR DIFFRACTION AT HIGH-ENERGIES ,
P. L’Heureux, B. Margolis and P. Valin, · 1985
Earlier work this paper cites.
MULTIPLE PARTON PROCESSES IN THE TeV REGION ,
N. Paver and D. Treleani, · 1985
Earlier work this paper cites.
Jet Structure in High Mass Diffractive Scattering ,
G. Ingelman and P. E. Schlein, · 1985
Earlier work this paper cites.
Transverse Momentum Distribution in Drell-Yan Pair and W and Z Boson Production ,
J. C. Collins, D. E. Soper and G. F. Sterman, · 1985
Earlier work this paper cites.
A Probability Measure on Parton and String States pp. 145–150 (1985),
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson and B. Söderberg, · 1985
Earlier work this paper cites.
Baryon Production in Jet Fragmentation and � \Upsilon Decay ,
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson and T. Sjöstrand, · 1985
Earlier work this paper cites.
A New Monte Carlo Treatment of Multiparticle Phase Space at High-energies ,
R. Kleiss, W. J. Stirling and S. D. Ellis, · 1986
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Lepton Correlations in Gauge Boson Pair Production and Decay ,
J. F. Gunion and Z. Kunszt, · 1986
Earlier work this paper cites.
Dual Description of a Confined Color Field ,
G. Gustafson, · 1986
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Monte Carlo Simulation of Hard Hadronic Processes ,
B. R. Webber, · 1986
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Dynamics of Elastic Scattering ,
A. Donnachie and P. V. Landshoff, · 1986
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Gluon Recombination and Shadowing at Small Values of x x ,
A. H. Mueller and J.-w. Qiu, · 1986
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Super Collider Physics ,
E. Eichten, I. Hinchliffe, K. D. Lane and C. Quigg, · 1986
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Interactions Between Hadrons and Nuclei: The Lund Monte Carlo, Fritiof Version 1.6 ,
B. Nilsson-Almqvist and E. Stenlund, · 1987
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Cross-Sections for Gluon + Gluon → \rightarrow Heavy Quarkonium + Gluon ,
R. Gastmans, W. Troost and T. T. Wu, · 1987
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Coherent Parton Showers Versus Matrix Elements: Implications of PETRA - PEP Data ,
M. Bengtsson and T. Sjöstrand, · 1987
Earlier work this paper cites.
A Comparative Study of Coherent and Noncoherent Parton Shower Evolution ,
M. Bengtsson and T. Sjöstrand, · 1987
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Soft Radiation in Parton Parton Scattering ,
R. K. Ellis, G. Marchesini and B. R. Webber, · 1987
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A shortest augmenting path algorithm for dense and sparse linear assignment problems ,
R. Jonker and A. Volgenant, · 1987
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A Model for Low p(t) Hadronic Reactions, with Generalizations to Hadron - Nucleus and Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions ,
B. Andersson, G. Gustafson and B. Nilsson-Almqvist, · 1987
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Deep inelastic physics and simulation ,
G. Ingelman et al. , · 1987
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The Production of Weak Intermediate Bosons in ep \mathrm{ep} Reactions ,
E. Gabrielli, · 1987
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Dipole Formulation of QCD Cascades ,
G. Gustafson and U. Pettersson, · 1988
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Long Range Azimuthal Correlations in Multiple Production Processes at High-energies ,
V. A. Abramovsky, E. V. Gedalin, E. G. Gurvich and O. V. Kancheli, · 1988
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A USER GUIDE TO HEPDATA: THE DURHAM / RAL HEP DATABASES ON THE RAL CMS SYSTEM (1988)
M. R. Whalley and R. G. Roberts, · 1988
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Photon Pair Production and the Intermediate Mass Higgs Boson ,
D. A. Dicus and S. S. D. Willenbrock, · 1988
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Leptoquark Production in Hadron Colliders ,
J. L. Hewett and S. Pakvasa, · 1988
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K ± \mathrm{K}^{\pm} , p ¯ \mathrm{\bar{p}} and - Production in Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions ,
P. Koch and C. B. Dover, · 1989
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MONTE CARLOS FOR ELECTROWEAK PHYSICS ,
R. Kleiss et al. , · 1989
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Production of Supersymmetric Particles in Elastic ep \mathrm{ep} Collisions ,
M. Drees and D. Zeppenfeld, · 1989
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Heavy Quark Fragmentation Functions in a Simple String Model ,
D. A. Morris, · 1989
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A random number generator for PC’s ,
G. Marsaglia, B. Narasimhan and A. Zaman, · 1990
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A Study of the General Characteristics of p p ¯ p\bar{p} Collisions at s \sqrt{s} = 0.2-TeV to 0.9-TeV ,
C. Albajar et al. , · 1990
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� \tau decays to pions ,
J. H. Kühn and A. Santamaria, · 1990
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Particle physics research at a 500 GeV e + e − \mathrm{e^{+}e^{-}} linear collider ,
T. Barklow, · 1990
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Searching for New Heavy Vector Bosons in p p ¯ \mathrm{p\bar{p}} Colliders ,
G. Altarelli, B. Mele and M. Ruiz-Altaba, · 1990
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Excited Quark and Lepton Production at Hadron Colliders ,
U. Baur, M. Spira and P. M. Zerwas, · 1990
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QCD coherent branching and semiinclusive processes at large x x ,
S. Catani, B. R. Webber and G. Marchesini, · 1991
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A Study of Bose-Einstein correlations in e + e − \mathrm{e^{+}e^{-}} annihilations at LEP ,
P. D. Acton et al. , · 1991
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Bounds on the magnetic moment of the W \mathrm{W} boson ,
M. A. Samuel, G. Li, N. Sinha, R. Sinha and M. K. Sundaresan, · 1991
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ARIADNE version 4: A Program for simulation of QCD cascades implementing the color dipole model ,
L. Lönnblad, · 1992
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Pionic parton distributions ,
M. Glück, E. Reya and A. Vogt, · 1992
Earlier work this paper cites.
Total cross-sections ,
A. Donnachie and P. V. Landshoff, · 1992
Earlier work this paper cites.
Multiparticle production in a two component dual parton model ,
P. Aurenche, F. W. Bopp, A. Capella, J. Kwiecinski, M. Maire, J. Ranft and J. Tran Thanh Van, · 1992
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Higher order Bose-Einstein correlations in p anti-p collisions at S**(1/2) = 630-GeV and 900-GeV ,
N. Neumeister et al. , · 1992
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A Study of Bose-Einstein correlations in e + e − \mathrm{e^{+}e^{-}} annihilation at 91-GeV ,
D. Decamp et al. , · 1992
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HELAS: HELicity amplitude subroutines for Feynman diagram evaluations (1992)
H. Murayama, I. Watanabe and K. Hagiwara, · 1992
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Particle physics: Where do we go from here? ,
J. D. Bjorken, · 1992
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Multiplicity distributions in QCD cascades ,
G. Gustafson, · 1993
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Longitudinally invariant K t K_{t} clustering algorithms for hadron hadron collisions ,
S. Catani, Y. L. Dokshitzer, M. H. Seymour and B. R. Webber, · 1993
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A Study of K s 0 K s 0 \mathrm{K^{0}_{s}K^{0}_{s}} Bose-Einstein correlations in hadronic Z 0 \mathrm{Z^{0}} decays ,
P. D. Acton et al. , · 1993
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The � \tau decay library TAUOLA: Version 2.4 ,
S. Jadach, Z. Wa̧s, R. Decker and J. H. Kühn, · 1993
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Tau decays into three pseudoscalar mesons ,
R. Decker, E. Mirkes, R. Sauer and Z. Wa̧s, · 1993
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A Portable high quality random number generator for lattice field theory simulations ,
M. Luscher, · 1994
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Weight optimization in multichannel Monte Carlo ,
R. Kleiss and R. Pittau, · 1994
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Hadronic diffractive cross-sections and the rise of the total cross-section ,
G. A. Schuler and T. Sjöstrand, · 1994
Earlier work this paper cites.
Review of particle properties. Particle Data Group ,
L. Montanet et al. , · 1994
Earlier work this paper cites.
Computing quark and gluon distribution functions for very large nuclei ,
L. D. McLerran and R. Venugopalan, · 1994
Cited alongside, same era.
On Color rearrangement in hadronic W + W − \mathrm{W^{+}W^{-}} events ,
T. Sjöstrand and V. A. Khoze, · 1994
Cited alongside, same era.
Does the W \mathrm{W} mass reconstruction survive QCD effects? ,
T. Sjöstrand and V. A. Khoze, · 1994
Cited alongside, same era.
Color interference and confinement effects in W pair production ,
G. Gustafson and J. Hakkinen, · 1994
Cited alongside, same era.
Interference of neutral kaons in the hadronic decays of the Z 0 \mathrm{Z^{0}} ,
P. Abreu et al. , · 1994
Cited alongside, same era.
Semi-analytical approach to four-fermion production in e + e − \mathrm{e^{+}e^{-}} annihilation ,
D. Y. Bardin, M. S. Bilenky, D. Lehner, A. Olchevski and T. Riemann, · 1994
Handbook of LHC Higgs Cross Sections: 1. Inclusive Observables (2011),
S. Dittmaier et al. , · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
Colour and logarithmic accuracy in final-state parton showers (2020),
K. Hamilton, R. Medves, G. P. Salam, L. Scyboz and G. Soyez, · 2011
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Summations of large logarithms by parton showers ,
Z. Nagy and D. E. Soper, · 2011
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Summations by parton showers of large logarithms in electron-positron annihilation (2020),
Z. Nagy and D. E. Soper, · 2011
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Higher-Order Corrections to Timelike Jets ,
W. T. Giele, D. A. Kosower and P. Z. Skands, · 2011
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Improvements on dipole shower colour ,
J. Holguin, J. R. Forshaw and S. Plätzer, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
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Cited alongside, same era.
Matrix element corrections to parton shower algorithms ,
M. H. Seymour, · 1995
Cited alongside, same era.
A Simple prescription for first order corrections to quark scattering and annihilation processes ,
M. H. Seymour, · 1995
Cited alongside, same era.
Measurement of elastic � 0 \rho^{0} photoproduction at HERA ,
M. Derrick et al. , · 1995
Cited alongside, same era.
A Parton model for diffractive processes in deep inelastic scattering ,
W. Buchmüller and A. Hebecker, · 1995
Cited alongside, same era.
Bose-Einstein effects and W \mathrm{W} mass determinations ,
L. Lönnblad and T. Sjöstrand, · 1995
Cited alongside, same era.
Color octet quarkonia production. 2. ,
P. L. Cho and A. K. Leibovich, · 1996
Cited alongside, same era.
Interleaved Parton Showers and Tuning Prospects ,
R. Corke and T. Sjöstrand, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
Efficient Matrix-Element Matching with Sector Showers ,
J. J. Lopez-Villarejo and P. Z. Skands, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
Coherent Parton Showers with Local Recoils ,
S. Plätzer and S. Gieseke, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
Antenna Splitting Functions for Massive Particles ,
A. J. Larkoski and M. E. Peskin, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
Automating the POWHEG method in Sherpa ,
S. Höche, F. Krauss, M. Schönherr and F. Siegert, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
NLO matrix elements and truncated showers ,
S. Höche, F. Krauss, M. Schönherr and F. Siegert, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
Efficient Matrix-Element Matching with Sector Showers ,
J. J. Lopez-Villarejo and P. Z. Skands, · 2011
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Quantum chromodynamics and the pomeron , vol. 9,
J. R. Forshaw and D. A. Ross, · 2011
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The Pion-pion scattering amplitude. IV: Improved analysis with once subtracted Roy-like equations up to 1100 MeV ,
R. García-Martín, R. Kamiński, J. R. Peláez, J. Ruiz de Elvira and F. J. Ynduráin, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
Multiparton Interactions with an x x -dependent Proton Size ,
R. Corke and T. Sjöstrand, · 2011
Later among the works it cites.
Strange Particle Production in p p pp Collisions at s = 0.9 \sqrt{s}=0.9 and 7 TeV ,
V. Khachatryan et al. , · 2011
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Strange particle production in proton-proton collisions at s \sqrt{s} = 0.9 TeV with ALICE at the LHC ,
K. Aamodt et al. , · 2011
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Measurement of Bose-Einstein Correlations in p p pp Collisions at s = 0.9 \sqrt{s}=0.9 and 7 TeV ,
V. Khachatryan et al. , · 2011
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