Homeostatic and Adaptive Energetics: Nonequilibrium Fluctuations Beyond Detailed Balance in Voltage-Gated Ion Channels

Understand

Stochastic thermodynamics has largely succeeded in characterizing both equilibrium and far-from-equilibrium phenomena.

• Yet many opportunities remain for application to mesoscopic complex systems -- especially biological ones -- whose effective dynamics often violate detailed balance and whose microscopic degrees of freedom are often unknown or intractable.
• After reviewing excess and housekeeping energetics -- the adaptive and homeostatic components of a system's dissipation -- we extend stochastic thermodynamics with a trajectory class fluctuation theorem for nonequilibrium steady-state, nondetailed-balanced complex systems.
• We then take up the neurobiological examples of voltage-gated sodium and potassium ion channels to apply and illustrate the theory, elucidating their nonequilibrium behavior under a biophysically plausible action potential drive.