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Original
1901
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1904
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1904
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K. Eda, Y. Itoh, S. Kuroyanagi, and J. Silk, “New Probe of Dark-Matter Properties: Gravitational Waves from an Intermediate-Mass Black Hole Embedded in a Dark-Matter Minispike,” Phys. Rev. Lett
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2021

Ionization of Gravitational Atoms

Baumann, Daniel, Bertone, Gianfranco, Stout, John et al.

Understand

Superradiant instabilities may create clouds of ultralight bosons around rotating black holes, forming so-called "gravitational atoms." It was recently shown that the presence of a binary companion can induce resonant transitions between bound states of these clouds, whose backreaction on the binary's orbit leads to characteristic signatures in the emitted gravitational waves.

In this work, we show that the interaction with the companion can also trigger transitions from bound to unbound states of the cloud -- a process that we refer to as "ionization" in analogy with the photoelectric effect in atomic physics.
The orbital energy lost in the process overwhelms the losses due to gravitational wave emission and contains sharp features carrying information about the energy spectrum of the cloud.
Moreover, we also show that if the companion is a black hole, then the part of the cloud impinging on the event horizon will be absorbed.