Effect of evolutionary physical constants on type-1a supernova luminosity

Understand

Type 1a supernovae, SNeIa, are used as standard candles in cosmology for determining the distances of the galaxies harboring them.

• We show that the luminosity of an SNIa depends on its distance from us when physical constants (the speed of light $c$, the gravitational constant $G$, and the Planck constant $h$) are permitted to evolve.
• It is because the Chandrasekhar mass of the white dwarf that explodes to create SNIa depends on the values of the constants at the epoch the SNIa is formed.
• We show that the SNeIa luminosities were up to about four times higher in the past than they are now.