Built on

P. Saad, S. H. Shenker, and D. Stanford, “JT Gravity as a Matrix Integral,” arXiv:1903.11115 [hep-th]
Original
1903
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. J. Heckman and C. Vafa, “Fine Tuning, Sequestering, and the Swampland,” Phys. Lett. B
Original
1905
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. Penington, “Entanglement Wedge Reconstruction and the Information Paradox,” JHEP
Original
1905
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Almheiri, N. Engelhardt, D. Marolf, and H. Maxfield, “The Entropy of Bulk Quantum Fields and the Entanglement Wedge of an Evaporating Black Hole,” JHEP
Original
1905
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. Stanford and E. Witten, “JT Gravity and the Ensembles of Random Matrix Theory,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys
Original
1907
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Almheiri, R. Mahajan, J. Maldacena, and Y. Zhao, “The Page Curve of Hawking Radiation from Semiclassical Geometry,” JHEP
Original
1908
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. McNamara and C. Vafa, “Cobordism Classes and the Swampland,” arXiv:1909.10355 [hep-th]
Original
1909
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. Penington, S. H. Shenker, D. Stanford, and Z. Yang, “Replica Wormholes and the Black Hole Interior,” arXiv:1911.11977 [hep-th]
Original
1911
Earlier work this paper cites.
P. W. Anderson, “Absence of Diffusion in Certain Random Lattices,” Phys. Rev
1958
Earlier work this paper cites.
W. Nahm, “Supersymmetries and their Representations,” Nucl. Phys. B
1978
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. D. Brown and M. Henneaux, “Central Charges in the Canonical Realization of Asymptotic Symmetries: An Example from Three-Dimensional Gravity,” Commun. Math. Phys
1986
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. B. Giddings and A. Strominger, “STRING WORMHOLES,” Phys. Lett. B
1989
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. T. Horowitz and A. Strominger, “Black Strings and P-Branes,” Nucl. Phys. B
1991
Earlier work this paper cites.
World Scientific, Singapore, 1992
G. Parisi, Field Theory, Disorder and Simulations · 1992
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Sachdev and J. Ye, “Gapless Spin Fluid Ground State in a Random, Quantum Heisenberg Magnet,” Phys. Rev. Lett
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. N. Page, “Information in Black Hole Radiation,” Phys. Rev. Lett
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. Vafa, “Evidence for F-theory,” Nucl. Phys. B
1996
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. R. Morrison and C. Vafa, “Compactifications of F-theory on Calabi-Yau Threefolds – I,” Nucl. Phys. B
1996
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. R. Morrison and C. Vafa, “Compactifications of F-theory on Calabi-Yau Threefolds – II,” Nucl. Phys. B
1996
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. S. Gubser, I. R. Klebanov, and A. M. Polyakov, “Gauge Theory Correlators from Noncritical String Theory,” Phys. Lett. B
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. M. Maldacena, “The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Witten, “Anti-de Sitter Space, Thermal Phase Transition, and Confinement in Gauge Theories,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. E. Lawrence, N. Nekrasov, and C. Vafa, “On Conformal Field Theories in Four Dimensions,” Nucl. Phys. B
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Witten and S.-T. Yau, “Connectedness of the boundary in the AdS / CFT correspondence,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
H. Garcia-Compean and A. M. Uranga, “Brane Box Realization of Chiral Gauge Theories in Two-Dimensions,” Nucl. Phys. B
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Erdmenger, K. T. Grosvenor, and R. Jefferson, “Information geometry in quantum field theory: lessons from simple examples,” SciPost Phys
Original
2001
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

F. Denef, B. R. Greene, and M. Raugas, “Split Attractor Flows and the Spectrum of BPS D-Branes on the Quintic,” JHEP
2001
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Marolf and H. Maxfield, “Transcending the Ensemble: Baby Universes, Spacetime Wormholes, and the Order and Disorder of Black Hole Information,” JHEP
Original
2002
Cited alongside, same era.
F. Denef, “Quantum Quivers and Hall / Hole Halos,” JHEP
2002
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S. B. Giddings and G. J. Turiaci, “Wormhole Calculus, Replicas, and Entropies,” JHEP
Original
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Cited alongside, same era.
J. McNamara and C. Vafa, “Baby Universes, Holography, and the Swampland,” arXiv:2004.06738 [hep-th]
Original
2004
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

D. N. Page, “Time Dependence of Hawking Radiation Entropy,” JCAP
Original
2013
Later among the works it cites.
S. A. Hartnoll and J. E. Santos, “Disordered Horizons: Holography of Randomly Disordered Fixed Points,” Phys. Rev. Lett
Original
2014
Later among the works it cites.
T. Dimofte, D. Gaiotto, and S. Gukov, “Gauge Theories Labelled by Three-Manifolds,” Commun. Math. Phys
Original
2014
Later among the works it cites.
A. Kitaev, “A Simple Model of Quantum Holography,” Seminar at KITP
2015
Later among the works it cites.
D. Green, “Disorder in the Early Universe,” JCAP
Original
2015
Later among the works it cites.

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2021

Disorder Averaging and its UV (Dis)Contents

Heckman, Jonathan J., Turner, Andrew P., Yu, Xingyang

Understand

We present a stringy realization of quantum field theory ensembles in $D \le 4$ spacetime dimensions, thus realizing a disorder averaging over coupling constants.

When each member of the ensemble is a conformal field theory with a standard semi-classical holographic dual of the same radius, the resulting bulk can be interpreted as a single asymptotically Anti-de Sitter space geometry with a distribution of boundary components joined by wormhole configurations, as dictated by the Hartle-Hawking wave function.
This provides a UV completion of a recent proposal by Marolf and Maxfield that there is a high-dimensional Hilbert space for baby universes, but one that is compatible with the proposed Swampland constraints of McNamara and Vafa.
This is possible because our construction is really an approximation that breaks down both at short distances, but also at low energies for objects with a large number of microstates.

Built on

P. Saad, S. H. Shenker, and D. Stanford, “JT Gravity as a Matrix Integral,” arXiv:1903.11115 [hep-th]
Original
1903
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. J. Heckman and C. Vafa, “Fine Tuning, Sequestering, and the Swampland,” Phys. Lett. B
Original
1905
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. Penington, “Entanglement Wedge Reconstruction and the Information Paradox,” JHEP
Original
1905
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Almheiri, N. Engelhardt, D. Marolf, and H. Maxfield, “The Entropy of Bulk Quantum Fields and the Entanglement Wedge of an Evaporating Black Hole,” JHEP
Original
1905
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. Stanford and E. Witten, “JT Gravity and the Ensembles of Random Matrix Theory,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys
Original
1907
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. Almheiri, R. Mahajan, J. Maldacena, and Y. Zhao, “The Page Curve of Hawking Radiation from Semiclassical Geometry,” JHEP
Original
1908
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. McNamara and C. Vafa, “Cobordism Classes and the Swampland,” arXiv:1909.10355 [hep-th]
Original
1909
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. Penington, S. H. Shenker, D. Stanford, and Z. Yang, “Replica Wormholes and the Black Hole Interior,” arXiv:1911.11977 [hep-th]
Original
1911
Earlier work this paper cites.
P. W. Anderson, “Absence of Diffusion in Certain Random Lattices,” Phys. Rev
1958
Earlier work this paper cites.
W. Nahm, “Supersymmetries and their Representations,” Nucl. Phys. B
1978
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. D. Brown and M. Henneaux, “Central Charges in the Canonical Realization of Asymptotic Symmetries: An Example from Three-Dimensional Gravity,” Commun. Math. Phys
1986
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. B. Giddings and A. Strominger, “STRING WORMHOLES,” Phys. Lett. B
1989
Earlier work this paper cites.
G. T. Horowitz and A. Strominger, “Black Strings and P-Branes,” Nucl. Phys. B
1991
Earlier work this paper cites.
World Scientific, Singapore, 1992
G. Parisi, Field Theory, Disorder and Simulations · 1992
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. Sachdev and J. Ye, “Gapless Spin Fluid Ground State in a Random, Quantum Heisenberg Magnet,” Phys. Rev. Lett
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. N. Page, “Information in Black Hole Radiation,” Phys. Rev. Lett
1993
Earlier work this paper cites.
C. Vafa, “Evidence for F-theory,” Nucl. Phys. B
1996
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. R. Morrison and C. Vafa, “Compactifications of F-theory on Calabi-Yau Threefolds – I,” Nucl. Phys. B
1996
Earlier work this paper cites.
D. R. Morrison and C. Vafa, “Compactifications of F-theory on Calabi-Yau Threefolds – II,” Nucl. Phys. B
1996
Earlier work this paper cites.
S. S. Gubser, I. R. Klebanov, and A. M. Polyakov, “Gauge Theory Correlators from Noncritical String Theory,” Phys. Lett. B
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. M. Maldacena, “The Large N Limit of Superconformal Field Theories and Supergravity,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Witten, “Anti-de Sitter Space, Thermal Phase Transition, and Confinement in Gauge Theories,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
A. E. Lawrence, N. Nekrasov, and C. Vafa, “On Conformal Field Theories in Four Dimensions,” Nucl. Phys. B
1998
Earlier work this paper cites.
E. Witten and S.-T. Yau, “Connectedness of the boundary in the AdS / CFT correspondence,” Adv. Theor. Math. Phys
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
H. Garcia-Compean and A. M. Uranga, “Brane Box Realization of Chiral Gauge Theories in Two-Dimensions,” Nucl. Phys. B
1999
Earlier work this paper cites.
J. Erdmenger, K. T. Grosvenor, and R. Jefferson, “Information geometry in quantum field theory: lessons from simple examples,” SciPost Phys
Original
2001
Earlier work this paper cites.

Similar

F. Denef, B. R. Greene, and M. Raugas, “Split Attractor Flows and the Spectrum of BPS D-Branes on the Quintic,” JHEP
2001
Cited alongside, same era.
D. Marolf and H. Maxfield, “Transcending the Ensemble: Baby Universes, Spacetime Wormholes, and the Order and Disorder of Black Hole Information,” JHEP
Original
2002
Cited alongside, same era.
F. Denef, “Quantum Quivers and Hall / Hole Halos,” JHEP
2002
Cited alongside, same era.
S. B. Giddings and G. J. Turiaci, “Wormhole Calculus, Replicas, and Entropies,” JHEP
Original
2004
Cited alongside, same era.
J. McNamara and C. Vafa, “Baby Universes, Holography, and the Swampland,” arXiv:2004.06738 [hep-th]
Original
2004
Cited alongside, same era.

Then

D. N. Page, “Time Dependence of Hawking Radiation Entropy,” JCAP
Original
2013
Later among the works it cites.
S. A. Hartnoll and J. E. Santos, “Disordered Horizons: Holography of Randomly Disordered Fixed Points,” Phys. Rev. Lett
Original
2014
Later among the works it cites.
T. Dimofte, D. Gaiotto, and S. Gukov, “Gauge Theories Labelled by Three-Manifolds,” Commun. Math. Phys
Original
2014
Later among the works it cites.
A. Kitaev, “A Simple Model of Quantum Holography,” Seminar at KITP
2015
Later among the works it cites.
D. Green, “Disorder in the Early Universe,” JCAP
Original
2015
Later among the works it cites.

Beyond the bibliography

alphaXiv searches the wider corpus for related work and actual follow-ups.

Open on alphaXiv

alphaXiv is searching for related work…

J. M. Maldacena and L. Maoz, “Wormholes in AdS,” JHEP

2004

Cited alongside, same era.

J. P. Gauntlett, S. Lee, T. Mateos, and D. Waldram, “Marginal Deformations of Field Theories with A d S 4 AdS_{4} Duals,” JHEP

2005

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A. Simons, A. Strominger, D. M. Thompson, and X. Yin, “Supersymmetric Branes in A d S 2 × S 2 × C Y 3 AdS_{2}\times S^{2}\times CY_{3} ,” Phys. Rev. D

2005

Cited alongside, same era.

N. Afkhami-Jeddi, H. Cohn, T. Hartman, and A. Tajdini, “Free Partition Functions and an Averaged Holographic Duality,” JHEP