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Laws and their interpretations, legal arguments and agreements\ are typically expressed in writing, leading to the production of vast corpora of legal text.
Language models are few-shot learners
Tom Brown, Benjamin Mann, Nick Ryder, Melanie Subbiah, Jared D Kaplan, Prafulla Dhariwal, Arvind Neelakantan, Pranav Shyam, Girish Sastry, Amanda Askell, Sandhini Agarwal, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Gretchen Krueger, Tom Henighan, Rewon Child, Aditya Ramesh, Daniel Ziegler, Jeffrey Wu, Clemens Winter, Chris Hesse, Mark Chen, Eric Sigler, Mateusz Litwin, Scott Gray, Benjamin Chess, Jack Clark, Christopher Berner, Sam McCandlish, Alec Radford, Ilya Sutskever, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 1901
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Roberta: A robustly optimized bert pretraining approach
Yinhan Liu, Myle Ott, Naman Goyal, Jingfei Du, Mandar Joshi, Danqi Chen, Omer Levy, Mike Lewis, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Veselin Stoyanov. 2019 · 1907
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Support-vector networks
Corinna Cortes and Vladimir Vapnik. 1995 · 1995
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Legal language
Peter M Tiersma. 1999 · 1999
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Scaling laws for neural language models
Jared Kaplan, Sam McCandlish, Tom Henighan, Tom B. Brown, Benjamin Chess, Rewon Child, Scott Gray, Alec Radford, Jeffrey Wu, and Dario Amodei. 2020 · 2001
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Longformer: The long-document transformer
Iz Beltagy, Matthew E. Peters, and Arman Cohan. 2020 · 2004
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IMIRSEL: a secure music retrieval testing environment
John S. Downie. 2004 · 2004
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The supreme court forecasting project: Legal and political science approaches to predicting supreme court decisionmaking
Theodore W Ruger, Pauline T Kim, Andrew D Martin, and Kevin M Quinn. 2004 · 2004
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An Evaluation of Efficient Multilabel Classification Algorithms for Large-Scale Problems in the Legal Domain
Eneldo Loza Mencia and Johannes Fürnkranzand. 2007 · 2007
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Tradition and change in legal English: Verbal constructions in prescriptive texts , volume 20
Christopher Williams. 2007 · 2007
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Legal docket classification: Where machine learning stumbles
Ramesh Nallapati and Christopher D. Manning. 2008 · 2008
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Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python
F. Pedregosa, G. Varoquaux, A. Gramfort, V. Michel, B. Thirion, O. Grisel, M. Blondel, P. Prettenhofer, R. Weiss, V. Dubourg, J. Vanderplas, A. Passos, D. Cournapeau, M. Brucher, M. Perrot, and E. Duchesnay. 2011 · 2011
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A Convolutional Neural Network in Legal Question Answering
Mi-young Kim, Ying Xu, and Randy Goebel. 2015 · 2015
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Adam: A method for stochastic optimization
D. P. Kingma and J. Ba. 2015 · 2015
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Predicting judicial decisions of the european court of human rights: A natural language processing perspective
Nikolaos Aletras, Dimitrios Tsarapatsanis, Daniel Preoţiuc-Pietro, and Vasileios Lampos. 2016 · 2016
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Machine bias: There’s software used across the country to predict future criminals. and it’s biased against blacks
Julia Angwin, Jeff Larson, Surya Mattu, and Lauren Kirchner. 2016 · 2016
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Coliee-2016: evaluation of the competition on legal information extraction and entailment
Mi-Young Kim, Randy Goebel, Yoshinobu Kano, and Ken Satoh. 2016 · 2016
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SQuAD: 100,000+ questions for machine comprehension of text
Pranav Rajpurkar, Jian Zhang, Konstantin Lopyrev, and Percy Liang. 2016 · 2016
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Friends with motives: Using text to infer influence on SCOTUS
Yanchuan Sim, Bryan Routledge, and Noah A. Smith. 2016 · 2016
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Legal NERC with ontologies, Wikipedia and curriculum learning
Cristian Cardellino, Milagro Teruel, Laura Alonso Alemany, and Serena Villata. 2017 · 2017
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A deep learning approach to contract element extraction
Ilias Chalkidis and Ion Androutsopoulos. 2017 · 2017
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Overview of coliee 2017
Yoshinobu Kano, Mi-Young Kim, Randy Goebel, and Ken Satoh. 2017 · 2017
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A general approach for predicting the behavior of the supreme court of the united states
Daniel Martin Katz, Michael J Bommarito, and Josh Blackman. 2017 · 2017
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Learning with noise: Enhance distantly supervised relation extraction with dynamic transition matrix
Bingfeng Luo, Yansong Feng, Zheng Wang, Zhanxing Zhu, Songfang Huang, Rui Yan, and Dongyan Zhao. 2017 · 2017
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Attention is all you need
Ashish Vaswani, Noam Shazeer, Niki Parmar, Jakob Uszkoreit, Llion Jones, Aidan N. Gomez, Lukasz Kaiser, and Illia Polosukhin. 2017 · 2017
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Named entity recognition, linking and generation for greek legislation
I. Angelidis, Ilias Chalkidis, and M. Koubarakis. 2018 · 2018
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Obligation and prohibition extraction using hierarchical RNNs
Ilias Chalkidis, Ion Androutsopoulos, and Achilleas Michos. 2018 · 2018
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Deep learning in law: early adaptation and legal word embeddings trained on large corpora
Ilias Chalkidis and Dimitrios Kampas. 2018 · 2018
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SentEval: An evaluation toolkit for universal sentence representations
Alexis Conneau and Douwe Kiela. 2018 · 2018
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The accuracy, fairness, and limits of predicting recidivism
Julia Dressel and Hany Farid. 2018 · 2018
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Legal English
Rupert Haigh. 2018 · 2018
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Coliee-2018: Evaluation of the competition on legal information extraction and entailment
Yoshinobu Kano, Mi-Young Kim, Masaharu Yoshioka, Yao Lu, Juliano Rabelo, Naoki Kiyota, Randy Goebel, and Ken Satoh. 2018 · 2018
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Predicting judicial decisions of criminal cases from thai supreme court using bi-directional gru with attention mechanism
Kankawin Kowsrihawat, Peerapon Vateekul, and Prachya Boonkwan. 2018 · 2018
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A test collection for evaluating legal case law search
Daniel Locke and Guido Zuccon. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
The natural language decathlon: Multitask learning as question answering
Bryan McCann, Nitish Shirish Keskar, Caiming Xiong, and Richard Socher. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Predicting decisions of the philippine supreme court using natural language processing and machine learning
Michael Benedict L Virtucio, Jeffrey A Aborot, John Kevin C Abonita, Roxanne S Avinante, Rother Jay B Copino, Michelle P Neverida, Vanesa O Osiana, Elmer C Peramo, Joanna G Syjuco, and Glenn Brian A Tan. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
GLUE: A multi-task benchmark and analysis platform for natural language understanding
Alex Wang, Amanpreet Singh, Julian Michael, Felix Hill, Omer Levy, and Samuel Bowman. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Interpretable Charge Predictions for Criminal Cases: Learning to Generate Court Views from Fact Descriptions
Hai Ye, Xin Jiang, Zhunchen Luo, and Wenhan Chao. 2018 · 2018
Transformers: State-of-the-art natural language processing
Thomas Wolf, Lysandre Debut, Victor Sanh, Julien Chaumond, Clement Delangue, Anthony Moi, Pierric Cistac, Tim Rault, Remi Louf, Morgan Funtowicz, Joe Davison, Sam Shleifer, Patrick von Platen, Clara Ma, Yacine Jernite, Julien Plu, Canwen Xu, Teven Le Scao, Sylvain Gugger, Mariama Drame, Quentin Lhoest, and Alexander Rush. 2020 · 2020
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Beyond 512 Tokens: Siamese Multi-Depth Transformer-Based Hierarchical Encoder for Long-Form Document Matching , page 1725–1734. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA
Liu Yang, Mingyang Zhang, Cheng Li, Michael Bendersky, and Marc Najork. 2020 · 2020
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Big Bird: Transformers for longer sequences
Manzil Zaheer, Guru Guruganesh, Kumar Avinava Dubey, Joshua Ainslie, Chris Alberti, Santiago Ontanon, Philip Pham, Anirudh Ravula, Qifan Wang, Li Yang, and Amr Ahmed. 2020 · 2020
Later among the works it cites.
Sexism in the judiciary: The importance of bias definition in NLP and in our courts
Noa Baker Gillis. 2021 · 2021
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Legaldb: Long distilbert for legal document classification
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Cited alongside, same era.
Legal judgment prediction via topological learning
Haoxi Zhong, Zhipeng Guo, Cunchao Tu, Chaojun Xiao, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2018 · 2018
Cited alongside, same era.
Proceedings of the 1st Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop at NAACL 2019 . Minneapolis, Minnesota
Nikolaos Aletras, Elliott Ash, Leslie Barrett, Daniel Chen, Adam Meyers, Daniel Preotiuc-Pietro, David Rosenberg, and Amanda Stent, editors. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
A comparative study of summarization algorithms applied to legal case judgments
Paheli Bhattacharya, Kaustubh Hiware, Subham Rajgaria, Nilay Pochhi, Kripabandhu Ghosh, and Saptarshi Ghosh. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Neural contract element extraction revisited
Ilias Chalkidis, Manos Fergadiotis, Prodromos Malakasiotis, and Ion Androutsopoulos. 2019c · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
BERT: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding
Jacob Devlin, Ming-Wei Chang, Kenton Lee, and Kristina Toutanova. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Improving supreme court forecasting using boosted decision trees
Aaron Russell Kaufman, Peter Kraft, and Maya Sen. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Fine-grained named entity recognition in legal documents
Elena Leitner, Georg Rehm, and Julian Moreno-Schneider. 2019 · 2019
Cited alongside, same era.
Purbid Bambroo and Aditi Awasthi. 2021 · 2021
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Lexnlp: Natural language processing and information extraction for legal and regulatory texts
Michael J. Bommarito, Daniel Martin Katz, and Eric M. Detterman. 2021 · 2021
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On the opportunities and risks of foundation models
Rishi Bommasani, Drew A. Hudson, Ehsan Adeli, Russ Altman, Simran Arora, Sydney von Arx, Michael S. Bernstein, Jeannette Bohg, Antoine Bosselut, Emma Brunskill, Erik Brynjolfsson, Shyamal Buch, Dallas Card, Rodrigo Castellon, Niladri Chatterji, Annie Chen, Kathleen Creel, Jared Quincy Davis, Dora Demszky, Chris Donahue, Moussa Doumbouya, Esin Durmus, Stefano Ermon, John Etchemendy, Kawin Ethayarajh, Li Fei-Fei, Chelsea Finn, Trevor Gale, Lauren Gillespie, Karan Goel, Noah Goodman, Shelby Grossman, Neel Guha, Tatsunori Hashimoto, Peter Henderson, John Hewitt, Daniel E. Ho, Jenny Hong, Kyle Hsu, Jing Huang, Thomas Icard, Saahil Jain, Dan Jurafsky, Pratyusha Kalluri, Siddharth Karamcheti, Geoff Keeling, Fereshte Khani, Omar Khattab, Pang Wei Kohd, Mark Krass, Ranjay Krishna, Rohith Kuditipudi, Ananya Kumar, Faisal Ladhak, Mina Lee, Tony Lee, Jure Leskovec, Isabelle Levent, Xiang Lisa Li, Xuechen Li, Tengyu Ma, Ali Malik, Christopher D. Manning, Suvir Mirchandani, Eric Mitchell, Zanele Munyikwa, Suraj Nair, Avanika Narayan, Deepak Narayanan, Ben Newman, Allen Nie, Juan Carlos Niebles, Hamed Nilforoshan, Julian Nyarko, Giray Ogut, Laurel Orr, Isabel Papadimitriou, Joon Sung Park, Chris Piech, Eva Portelance, Christopher Potts, Aditi Raghunathan, Rob Reich, Hongyu Ren, Frieda Rong, Yusuf Roohani, Camilo Ruiz, Jack Ryan, Christopher Ré, Dorsa Sadigh, Shiori Sagawa, Keshav Santhanam, Andy Shih, Krishnan Srinivasan, Alex Tamkin, Rohan Taori, Armin W. Thomas, Florian Tramèr, Rose E. Wang, William Wang, Bohan Wu, Jiajun Wu, Yuhuai Wu, Sang Michael Xie, Michihiro Yasunaga, Jiaxuan You, Matei Zaharia, Michael Zhang, Tianyi Zhang, Xikun Zhang, Yuhui Zhang, Lucia Zheng, Kaitlyn Zhou, and Percy Liang. 2021 · 2021
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What will it take to fix benchmarking in natural language understanding?
Samuel R. Bowman and George Dahl. 2021 · 2021
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Scalable and explainable legal prediction
L Karl Branting, Craig Pfeifer, Bradford Brown, Lisa Ferro, John Aberdeen, Brandy Weiss, Mark Pfaff, and Bill Liao. 2021 · 2021
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Ilias Chalkidis, Manos Fergadiotis, and Ion Androutsopoulos. 2021a · 2021
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Measuring law over time: A network analytical framework with an application to statutes and regulations in the United States and Germany
Corinna Coupette, Janis Beckedorf, Dirk Hartung, Michael Bommarito, and Daniel Martin Katz. 2021 · 2021
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Deberta: Decoding-enhanced bert with disentangled attention
Pengcheng He, Xiaodong Liu, Jianfeng Gao, and Weizhu Chen. 2021 · 2021
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CUAD: An expert-annotated NLP dataset for legal contract review
Dan Hendrycks, Collin Burns, Anya Chen, and Spencer Ball. 2021 · 2021
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An investigation towards differentially private sequence tagging in a federated framework
Abhik Jana and Chris Biemann. 2021 · 2021
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Datasets: A community library for natural language processing
Quentin Lhoest, Albert Villanova del Moral, Yacine Jernite, Abhishek Thakur, Patrick von Platen, Suraj Patil, Julien Chaumond, Mariama Drame, Julien Plu, Lewis Tunstall, Joe Davison, Mario Šaško, Gunjan Chhablani, Bhavitvya Malik, Simon Brandeis, Teven Le Scao, Victor Sanh, Canwen Xu, Nicolas Patry, Angelina McMillan-Major, Philipp Schmid, Sylvain Gugger, Clément Delangue, Théo Matussière, Lysandre Debut, Stas Bekman, Pierric Cistac, Thibault Goehringer, Victor Mustar, François Lagunas, Alexander M. Rush, and Thomas Wolf. 2021 · 2021
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ILDC for CJPE: indian legal documents corpus for court judgmentprediction and explanation
Vijit Malik, Rishabh Sanjay, Shubham Kumar Nigam, Kripa Ghosh, Shouvik Kumar Guha, Arnab Bhattacharya, and Ashutosh Modi. 2021 · 2021
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Automatic judgement forecasting for pending applications of the European Court of Human Rights
Masha Medvedeva, Ahmet Üstun, Xiao Xu, Michel Vols, and Martijn Wieling. 2021 · 2021
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Natural language processing in law: Prediction of outcomes in the higher courts of turkey
Emre Mumcuoğlu, Ceyhun E Öztürk, Haldun M Ozaktas, and Aykut Koç. 2021 · 2021
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Swiss-Court-Predict: A Multilingual Legal Judgment Prediction Benchmark
Joel Niklaus, Ilias Chalkidis, and Matthias Stürmer. 2021 · 2021
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AI and the everything in the whole wide world benchmark
Inioluwa Deborah Raji, Emily Denton, Emily M. Bender, Alex Hanna, and Amandalynne Paullada. 2021 · 2021
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Legal ai systems in the eu’s proposed artificial intelligence act
Sebastian Felix Schwemer, Letizia Tomada, and Tommaso Pasini. 2021 · 2021
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How not to lie with a benchmark: Rearranging NLP learderboards
Tatiana Shavrina and Valentin Malykh. 2021 · 2021
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On the ethical limits of natural language processing on legal text
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Design and Implementation of German Legal Decision Corpora:
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What about the precedent: An information-theoretic analysis of common law
Josef Valvoda, Tiago Pimentel, Niklas Stoehr, Ryan Cotterell, and Simone Teufel. 2021 · 2021
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When does pretraining help? assessing self-supervised learning for law and the casehold dataset
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Predicting the Law Area and Decisions of French Supreme Court Cases
Octavia-Maria Şulea, Marcos Zampieri, Mihaela Vela, and Josef van Genabith. 2017 · 2021
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Fairlex: A multilingual benchmark for evaluating fairness in legal text processing
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ERNIE-SPARSE: Robust efficient transformer through hierarchically unifying isolated information
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A statutory article retrieval dataset in french
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