The Three Ghosts of Medical AI: Can the Black-Box Present Deliver?

Understand

Our title alludes to the three Christmas ghosts encountered by Ebenezer Scrooge in \textit{A Christmas Carol}, who guide Ebenezer through the past, present, and future of Christmas holiday events.

• Similarly, our article will take readers through a journey of the past, present, and future of medical AI.
• In doing so, we focus on the crux of modern machine learning: the reliance on powerful but intrinsically opaque models.
• When applied to the healthcare domain, these models fail to meet the needs for transparency that their clinician and patient end-users require.