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Nanohertz gravitational waves from NEC violation in the early universe · Around

2020

Nanohertz gravitational waves from NEC violation in the early universe

Tahara, Hiroaki W. H., Kobayashi, Tsutomu

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We study nanohertz gravitational waves relevant to pulsar timing array experiments from quantum fluctuations in the early universe with null energy condition (NEC) violation.

The NEC violation admits accelerated expansion with the scale factor $a\propto (-t)^{-p}$ ($p>0$), which gives the tensor spectral index $n_t=2/(p+1)>0$.
To evade the constraint from Big Bang nucleosynthesis (BBN), we connect the NEC-violating phase to a subsequent short slow-roll inflationary phase which ends with standard reheating, and thereby reduce the high frequency part of the spectrum.
An explicit model is constructed within the cubic Horndeski theory which allows for stable violation of the NEC.

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