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2020

Gravitational waves from a universe filled with primordial black holes

Papanikolaou, Theodoros, Vennin, Vincent, Langlois, David

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Ultra-light primordial black holes, with masses $m_\mathrm{PBH}<10^9\mathrm{g}$, evaporate before big-bang nucleosynthesis and can therefore not be directly constrained.

They can however be so abundant that they dominate the universe content for a transient period (before reheating the universe via Hawking evaporation).
If this happens, they support large cosmological fluctuations at small scales, which in turn induce the production of gravitational waves through second-order effects.
Contrary to the primordial black holes, those gravitational waves survive after evaporation, and can therefore be used to constrain such scenarios.

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