Model-independent energy budget for LISA

Understand

We provide an easy method to obtain the kinetic energy fraction in gravitational waves, generated during a cosmological first-order phase transition, as a function of only the wall velocity and quantities that can be determined from the particle physics model at the nucleation temperature.

• This generalizes recent work that achieved this goal for detonations.
• Here we present the corresponding results for deflagrations and hybrids.
• Unlike for detonations, the sound speed in the symmetric phase also enters the analysis.