Hydrodynamization in systems with detailed transverse profiles

Understand

The observation of fluid-like behavior in nucleus-nucleus, proton-nucleus and high-multiplicity proton-proton collisions motivates systematic studies of how different measurements approach their fluid-dynamic limit.

• We have developed numerical methods to solve the ultra-relativistic Boltzmann equation for systems of arbitrary size and transverse geometry.
• Here, we apply these techniques for the first time to the study of azimuthal flow coefficients $v_n$ including non-linear mode-mode coupling and to an initial condition with realistic event-by-event fluctuations.
• We show how both linear and non-linear response coefficients extracted from $v_n$ develop as a function of opacity from free streaming to perfect fluidity.