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In this paper, we identify a new phenomenon called activation-divergence which occurs in Federated Learning (FL) due to data heterogeneity (i.e., data being non-IID) across multiple users.
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Kermany, D. S., Goldbaum, M., Cai, W., Valentim, C. CS, Liang, H., Baxter, S. L, McKeown, A., Yang, G., Wu, X., Yan, F., et al.: Identifying medical diagnoses and treatable diseases by image-based deep learning. Cell, vol. 172, pp. 1122–1131. Elsevier (2018)
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