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Active inference is a normative principle underwriting perception, action, planning, decision-making and learning in biological or artificial agents.
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
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Principles of the Self-Organizing Dynamic System
W. R. Ashby · 1947
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On Information and Sufficiency
S. Kullback and R. A. Leibler · 1951
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Genesis of the Marginal Utility Theory: From Aristotle to the End of the Eighteenth Century
Emil Kauder · 1953
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On a Measure of the Information Provided by an Experiment
D. V. Lindley · 1956
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Information Theory and Statistical Mechanics
E. T. Jaynes · 1957
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Possible Principles Underlying the Transformations of Sensory Messages
H. B. Barlow · 1961
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Helmholtz’s Treatise on Physiological Optics
Hermann von Helmholtz and James P. C Southall · 1962
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Optimal Control of Markov Processes with Incomplete State Information
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Multiparameter problems from a Bayesian point of view
G E P Box and George C Tiao · 1965
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Information Value Theory
Ronald A. Howard · 1966
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Sensory Inhibition
Georg Von Békésy · 1967
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Every good regulator of a system must be a model of that system
Roger C Conant and W. R. Ashby · 1970
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The hippocampus as a spatial map. Preliminary evidence from unit activity in the freely-moving rat
J. O’Keefe and J. Dostrovsky · 1971
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Lectures on the Phenomena of Life Common to Animals and Plants
Claude Bernard · 1974
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Inductive Inference, Coding, Perception, and Language
H B Barlow · 1974
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Self-Organization in Nonequilibrium Systems: From Dissipative Structures to Order Through Fluctuations
G. Nicolis and I. Prigogine · 1977
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Synergetics: An Introduction Nonequilibrium Phase Transitions and Self-Organization in Physics, Chemistry and Biology
Hermann Haken · 1978
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Perceptions as hypotheses
R. L. Gregory · 1980
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Statistical Decision Theory and Bayesian Analysis
James O. Berger · 1985
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Intrinsic Motivation and Self-Determination in Human Behavior
Edward Deci and Richard M. Ryan · 1985
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A learning algorithm for boltzmann machines
David H. Ackley, Geoffrey E. Hinton, and Terrence J. Sejnowski · 1985
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Temporal encoding of two-dimensional patterns by single units in primate inferior temporal cortex. III. Information theoretic analysis
L. M. Optican and B. J. Richmond · 1987
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A massively parallel architecture for a self-organizing neural pattern recognition machine
Gail A. Carpenter and Stephen Grossberg · 1987
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Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems
Judea Pearl · 1988
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Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk
Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky · 1988
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Prefrontal cortex and the bridging of temporal gaps in the perception-action cycle
J. M. Fuster · 1990
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Perceptual Neural Organization: Some Approaches Based on Network Models and Information Theory
R Linsker · 1990
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Reinforcement Learning: An Introduction
Andrew Barto and Richard Sutton · 1992
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Information-Based Objective Functions for Active Data Selection
David J. C. MacKay · 1992
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The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution
Stuart A. Kauffman · 1993
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Direct measurement of attentional dwell time in human vision
J. Duncan, R. Ward, and K. Shapiro · 1994
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Processing speed in the cerebral cortex and the neurophysiology of visual masking
E T Rolls and M J Tovee · 1994
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A Free Energy Minimization Algorithm for Decoding and Cryptanalysis
David MacKay · 1995
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The Helmholtz Machine
Peter Dayan, Geoffrey E. Hinton, Radford M. Neal, and Richard S. Zemel · 1995
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The "wake-sleep" algorithm for unsupervised neural networks
G. Hinton, P Dayan, B. Frey, and R. Neal · 1995
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Efficient Coding of Natural Scenes in the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus: Experimental Test of a Computational Theory
Yang Dan, Joseph J. Atick, and R. Clay Reid · 1996
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How the Basal Ganglia Make Decisions
G. S. Berns and T. J. Sejnowski · 1996
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The capacity of visual working memory for features and conjunctions
S. J. Luck and E. K. Vogel · 1997
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Hidden Markov Decision Trees
Michael I. Jordan, Zoubin Ghahramani, and Lawrence K. Saul · 1997
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Graphical Models for Probabilistic and Causal Reasoning
Judea Pearl · 1998
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An Introduction to Variational Methods for Graphical Models
Michael I. Jordan, Zoubin Ghahramani, Tommi S. Jaakkola, and Lawrence K. Saul · 1998
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A model of saliency-based visual attention for rapid scene analysis
L. Itti, C. Koch, and E. Niebur · 1998
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The Hippocampus, Memory, and Place Cells: Is It Spatial Memory or a Memory Space?
Howard Eichenbaum, Paul Dudchenko, Emma Wood, Matthew Shapiro, and Heikki Tanila · 1999
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A Theory of Mean Field Approximation
Toshiyuki Tanaka · 1999
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Predictive coding in the visual cortex: A functional interpretation of some extra-classical receptive-field effects
Rajesh P. N. Rao and Dana H. Ballard · 1999
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Hierarchical models of object recognition in cortex
Maximilian Riesenhuber and Tomaso Poggio · 1999
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On the Computational Power of Winner-Take-All
Wolfgang Maass · 2000
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Markov decision processes
C. C. White · 2001
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Redundancy reduction revisited
Horace Barlow · 2001
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KL-divergence of Normal, Gamma, Dirichlet and Wishart densitites
W.D. Penny · 2001
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Efficient coding of natural sounds
Michael S. Lewicki · 2002
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A new window on sound
Bruno A. Olshausen and Kevin N. O’Connor · 2002
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Optimal feedback control as a theory of motor coordination
Emanuel Todorov and Michael I. Jordan · 2002
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Risk-sensitive control and an optimal investment model II
W. H. Fleming and S. J. Sheu · 2002
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Variational Algorithms for Approximate Bayesian Inference
Matthew James Beal · 2003
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Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms
David J. C. MacKay · 2003
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Hierarchical MOSAIC for Movement Generation
Masahiko Haruno, Daniel Wolpert, and Mitsuo Kawato · 2003
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Planning by Probabilistic Inference
Hagai Attias · 2003
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The primate basal ganglia: Parallel and integrative networks
Suzanne N. Haber · 2003
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Dynamic causal modelling
K.J. Friston, L. Harrison, and W. Penny · 2003
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The Bayesian brain: The role of uncertainty in neural coding and computation
David C. Knill and Alexandre Pouget · 2004
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An introduction to factor graphs
Hans-Andrea Loeliger · 2004
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Sparse coding of sensory inputs
Bruno A Olshausen and David J Field · 2004
Cited alongside, same era.
Hierarchical Bayes Models: A Practitioners Guide
Greg M Allenby, Peter E Rossi, and Robert E McCulloch · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Constructing Free-Energy Approximations and Generalized Belief Propagation Algorithms
J.S. Yedidia, W.T. Freeman, and Y. Weiss · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Variational Message Passing
John Winn and Christopher M Bishop · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Belief Propagation and Wiring Length Optimization as Organizing Principles for Cortical Microcircuits
Dileep George · 2005
Cited alongside, same era.
Cortical substrates for exploratory decisions in humans
Nathaniel D. Daw, John P. O’Doherty, Peter Dayan, Ben Seymour, and Raymond J. Dolan · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Optimal inference with suboptimal models: Addiction and active Bayesian inference
Philipp Schwartenbeck, Thomas H. B. FitzGerald, Christoph Mathys, Ray Dolan, Friedrich Wurst, Martin Kronbichler, and Karl Friston · 2015
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Dopamine, reward learning, and active inference
Thomas H. B. FitzGerald, Raymond J. Dolan, and Karl Friston · 2015
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The Dopaminergic Midbrain Encodes the Expected Certainty about Desired Outcomes
Philipp Schwartenbeck, Thomas H. B. FitzGerald, Christoph Mathys, Ray Dolan, and Karl Friston · 2015
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Evidence for surprise minimization over value maximization in choice behavior
Philipp Schwartenbeck, Thomas H. B. FitzGerald, Christoph Mathys, Ray Dolan, Martin Kronbichler, and Karl Friston · 2015
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Active inference and epistemic value
Karl Friston, Francesco Rigoli, Dimitri Ognibene, Christoph Mathys, Thomas Fitzgerald, and Giovanni Pezzulo · 2015
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Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning
Christopher M. Bishop · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
A free energy principle for the brain
Karl Friston, James Kilner, and Lee Harrison · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Convexity Arguments for Efficient Minimization of the Bethe and Kikuchi Free Energies
T. Heskes · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Developmental robotics, optimal artificial curiosity, creativity, music, and the fine arts
Jürgen Schmidhuber · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Model Selection and Model Averaging
Gerda Claeskens and Nils Lid Hjort · 2006
Cited alongside, same era.
Free-energy and the brain
Karl J. Friston and Klaas E. Stephan · 2007
Cited alongside, same era.
From behavioural economics to neuroeconomics to decision neuroscience: The ascent of biology in research on human decision making
Peter Bossaerts and Carsten Murawski · 2015
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The Neural Representation of Sequences: From Transition Probabilities to Algebraic Patterns and Linguistic Trees
Stanislas Dehaene, Florent Meyniel, Catherine Wacongne, Liping Wang, and Christophe Pallier · 2015
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Learning of Chunking Sequences in Cognition and Behavior
Jordi Fonollosa, Emre Neftci, and Mikhail Rabinovich · 2015
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A fronto-striato-subthalamic-pallidal network for goal-directed and habitual inhibition
Marjan Jahanshahi, Ignacio Obeso, John C. Rothwell, and José A. Obeso · 2015
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Scene Construction, Visual Foraging, and Active Inference
M. Berk Mirza, Rick A. Adams, Christoph D. Mathys, and Karl J. Friston · 2016
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Active inference and learning
Karl Friston, Thomas FitzGerald, Francesco Rigoli, Philipp Schwartenbeck, John O’Doherty, and Giovanni Pezzulo · 2016
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The Functional Anatomy of Time: What and When in the Brain
Karl Friston and Gyorgy Buzsáki · 2016
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Approximate Bayesian inference as a gauge theory
Biswa Sengupta and Karl Friston · 2016
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Towards a Neuronal Gauge Theory
Biswa Sengupta, Arturo Tozzi, Gerald K. Cooray, Pamela K. Douglas, and Karl J. Friston · 2016
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The Self-Evidencing Brain
Jakob Hohwy · 2016
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Gamma and Beta Bursts Underlie Working Memory
Mikael Lundqvist, Jonas Rose, Pawel Herman, Scott L. Brincat, Timothy J. Buschman, and Earl K. Miller · 2016
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Basal ganglia play a crucial role in decision making
Florence Thibaut · 2016
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Toward the neural implementation of structure learning
D. Gowanlock R. Tervo, Joshua B. Tenenbaum, and Samuel J. Gershman · 2016
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Active Inference, Curiosity and Insight
Karl J. Friston, Marco Lin, Christopher D. Frith, Giovanni Pezzulo, J. Allan Hobson, and Sasha Ondobaka · 2017
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Uncertainty, epistemics and active inference
Thomas Parr and Karl J. Friston · 2017
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A tutorial on the free-energy framework for modelling perception and learning
Rafal Bogacz · 2017
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The free energy principle for action and perception: A mathematical review
Christopher L. Buckley, Chang Sub Kim, Simon McGregor, and Anil K. Seth · 2017
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The graphical brain: Belief propagation and active inference
Karl J. Friston, Thomas Parr, and Bert de Vries · 2017
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Active Inference: A Process Theory
Karl Friston, Thomas FitzGerald, Francesco Rigoli, Philipp Schwartenbeck, and Giovanni Pezzulo · 2017
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Working memory, attention, and salience in active inference
Thomas Parr and Karl J Friston · 2017
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Understanding the Variational Lower Bound
Yang Xitong · 2017
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With or without you: Predictive coding and Bayesian inference in the brain
Laurence Aitchison and Máté Lengyel · 2017
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Variational Inference: A Review for Statisticians
David M. Blei, Alp Kucukelbir, and Jon D. McAuliffe · 2017
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Planning and navigation as active inference
Raphael Kaplan and Karl J. Friston · 2018
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Deep temporal models and active inference
Karl J. Friston, Richard Rosch, Thomas Parr, Cathy Price, and Howard Bowman · 2018
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Active inference and the anatomy of oculomotion
Thomas Parr and Karl J. Friston · 2018
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The Computational Anatomy of Visual Neglect
Thomas Parr and Karl J. Friston · 2018
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Free-energy minimization in joint agent-environment systems: A niche construction perspective
Jelle Bruineberg, Erik Rietveld, Thomas Parr, Leendert van Maanen, and Karl J Friston · 2018
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A variational approach to niche construction
A Constant, M Ramstead, Samuel P. L. Veissière, J O Campbell, and K.J. Friston · 2018
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Generalization guides human exploration in vast decision spaces
Charley M. Wu, Eric Schulz, Maarten Speekenbrink, Jonathan D. Nelson, and Björn Meder · 2018
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The Discrete and Continuous Brain: From Decisions to Movement—And Back Again
Thomas Parr and Karl J. Friston · 2018
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Computational Neuropsychology and Bayesian Inference
Thomas Parr, Geraint Rees, and Karl J. Friston · 2018
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Active Inference and Auditory Hallucinations
David Benrimoh, Thomas Parr, Peter Vincent, Rick A. Adams, and Karl Friston · 2018
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Precision and False Perceptual Inference
Thomas Parr, David A. Benrimoh, Peter Vincent, and Karl J. Friston · 2018
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Locus Coeruleus tracking of prediction errors optimises cognitive flexibility: An Active Inference model
Anna C. Sales, Karl J. Friston, Matthew W. Jones, Anthony E. Pickering, and Rosalyn J. Moran · 2018
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Active Inference in OpenAI Gym: A Paradigm for Computational Investigations Into Psychiatric Illness
Maell Cullen, Ben Davey, Karl J. Friston, and Rosalyn J. Moran · 2018
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The Markov blankets of life: Autonomy, active inference and the free energy principle
Michael Kirchhoff, Thomas Parr, Ensor Palacios, Karl Friston, and Julian Kiverstein · 2018
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Active Inference, Belief Propagation, and the Bethe Approximation
Sarah Schwöbel, Stefan Kiebel, and Dimitrije Marković · 2018
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Is Information in the Brain Represented in Continuous or Discrete Form?
James Tee and Desmond P. Taylor · 2018
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Large-Scale Cortical Networks for Hierarchical Prediction and Prediction Error in the Primate Brain
Zenas C. Chao, Kana Takaura, Liping Wang, Naotaka Fujii, and Stanislas Dehaene · 2018
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The Anatomy of Inference: Generative Models and Brain Structure
Thomas Parr and Karl J. Friston · 2018
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Karl Friston, Thomas Parr, and Peter Zeidman · 2018
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Human visual exploration reduces uncertainty about the sensed world
M. Berk Mirza, Rick A. Adams, Christoph Mathys, and Karl J. Friston · 2018
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Regimes of Expectations: An Active Inference Model of Social Conformity and Human Decision Making
Axel Constant, Maxwell J. D. Ramstead, Samuel P. L. Veissière, and Karl Friston · 2019
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Impulsivity and Active Inference
M. Berk Mirza, Rick A. Adams, Thomas Parr, and Karl Friston · 2019
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Implementing Predictive Processing and Active Inference: Preliminary Steps and Results
Beren Millidge · 2019
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Bayesian policy selection using active inference
Ozan Çatal, Johannes Nauta, Tim Verbelen, Pieter Simoens, and Bart Dhoedt · 2019
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The computational pharmacology of oculomotion
Thomas Parr and Karl J. Friston · 2019
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Prefrontal Computation as Active Inference
Thomas Parr, Rajeev Vijay Rikhye, Michael M Halassa, and Karl J Friston · 2019
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With an eye on uncertainty: Modelling pupillary responses to environmental volatility
Peter Vincent, Thomas Parr, David Benrimoh, and Karl J. Friston · 2019
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Alexander Tschantz, Manuel Baltieri, Anil K. Seth, and Christopher L. Buckley · 2019
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Markov blankets, information geometry and stochastic thermodynamics
Thomas Parr, Lancelot Da Costa, and Karl J. Friston · 2019
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A free energy principle for a particular physics
Karl Friston · 2019
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Artificial Intelligence Engines: A Tutorial Introduction to the Mathematics of Deep Learning
James V Stone · 2019
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Neuronal message passing using Mean-field, Bethe, and Marginal approximations
Thomas Parr, Dimitrije Markovic, Stefan J. Kiebel, and Karl J. Friston · 2019
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The Computational Neurology of Active Vision
Thomas Parr · 2019
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An active inference model of concept learning
Ryan Smith, Philipp Schwartenbeck, Thomas Parr, and Karl J. Friston · 2019
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Active Listening
Karl J. Friston, Noor Sajid, David Ricardo Quiroga-Martinez, Thomas Parr, Cathy J. Price, and Emma Holmes · 2020
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